Income distribution and income sources in Uruguay

This paper is concerned with changes in the distribution of income sources in Uruguay after the late eighties. An apparent stability in the distribution of total incomes is hiding deep transformations affecting the generation of that income. The distribution across all income earners at the end of the eighties exhibited two well-distinguished poles, each associated with one of the main income sources: pension benefits and wages. This bimodality diminished during the nineties due to the reduction in polarization by income sources. In the same period we find that in the case of labor earnings there was a net transfer of population mass from the middle of the distribution to both extremes, which results in an increasing polarization within this income source. This phenomenon resembles the Anglo-Saxon experience of the shrinking middle class.income sources, inequality, labor market, pension benefits, polarization

The evolution problem associated with eigenvalues of the Hessian

In this paper we study the evolution problem $$\left\lbrace\begin{array}{ll} u_t (x,t)- \lambda_j(D^2 u(x,t)) = 0, & \text{in } \Omega\times (0,+\infty), \\ u(x,t) = g(x,t), & \text{on } \partial \Omega \times (0,+\infty), \\ u(x,0) = u_0(x), & \text{in } \Omega, \end{array}\right.$$ where $\Omega$ is a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$ (that verifies a suitable geometric condition on its boundary) and $\lambda_j(D^2 u)$ stands for the $j-$st eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix $D^2u$. We assume that $u_0$ and $g$ are continuous functions with the compatibility condition $u_0(x) = g(x,0)$, $x\in \partial \Omega$. We show that the (unique) solution to this problem exists in the viscosity sense and can be approximated by the value function of a two-player zero-sum game as the parameter measuring the size of the step that we move in each round of the game goes to zero. In addition, when the boundary datum is independent of time, $g(x,t) =g(x)$, we show that viscosity solutions to this evolution problem stabilize and converge exponentially fast to the unique stationary solution as $t\to \infty$. For $j=1$ the limit profile is just the convex envelope inside $\Omega$ of the boundary datum $g$, while for $j=N$ it is the concave envelope. We obtain this result with two different techniques: with PDE tools and and with game theoretical arguments. Moreover, in some special cases (for affine boundary data) we can show that solutions coincide with the stationary solution in finite time (that depends only on $\Omega$ and not on the initial condition $u_0$)

Annotated checklist, distribution, and taxonomic bibliography of the mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) of Argentina

A decade and a half have passed since the last publication of the mosquito distribution list in Argentina. During this time several new records have been added, and taxonomic modifications have occurred at the genus and subgenus level. Therefore, considering these changes, I decided to create an updated list of the 242 species present in Argentina, along with their distributions by province. Two first records for Argentina (Culex lopesi and Cx. vaxus), two old records unregistered by authors (Cx. albinensis and Wyeomyia fuscipes), 13 new provincial records for 11 species (Cx. apicinus, Cx. bidens, Cx. eduardoi, Cx. lahillei, Cx. pipiens, Cx. tatoi, Cx. usquatus, Cx. imitator, Cx. oedipus, Sabethes chloropterus, and Wy. oblita), and the extension of distribution of other species are presented. The list of literature references for the documents concerning mosquitos is included.Fil: Rossi, Gustavo Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentin

Lucía Miranda, mito de la cautiva blanca en el Río de la Plata, desde el siglo XVI hasta el siglo XX

La història de Lucía Miranda, la dona que la literatura argentina transformaria en el model de la captiva blanca en mans indígenes, apareix per primera vegada a Argentina. Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Río de la Plata, escrit cap a 1612 per Ruy Díaz de Guzmán. Serà després tema de novel·les històriques, com les de Eduarda Mansilla i Rosa Guerra al segle XIX. El relat original hauria d'incloure's en els documents referits a l'expedició de Sebastián Gaboto al Riu de la Plata (1526-1529) i, específicament, a la destrucció del fort Sancti Spíritus; no obstant això, en els documents consultats del segle XVI, referits a aquests fets, el mite no apareix. Proposo analitzar aquests documents inicials, ignorats per la crítica literària, per indagar les operacions retòric-ideològiques que es troben en la gènesi textual del mite de Lucía Miranda i constatar la persistència d'una matriu de sentit associada a la dona i la colonialitat que perdura en el temps, en les successives reescriptures de la història.Lucía Miranda’s story, the woman who Argentine literature would transform into the stereotype of the white captive into indigenous hands, appears for the first time in Argentina. Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Río de la Plata, written around 1612 by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán. It would later be the subject of historical novels, as the Eduarda Mansilla’s and Rosa Guerra’s in the 19th century. The original story must be included in the documents referring the Sebastián Gaboto expedition to Río de la Plata (1526-1529) and, specifically, the destruction of Sancti Spíritus fort; however the myth does not appear in consulted documents from the 16th century that talk about those facts. I propose to analyze these initial documents, ignored by literary studies, to analyze the rhetorical-ideological operations in the textual genesis of Lucía Miranda’s myth and to verify the persistence of a sense associated with femininity and coloniality that lasts in time, in the successive rewritings of history.La historia de Lucía Miranda, la mujer que la literatura argentina transformaría en el modelo de la cautiva blanca en manos indígenas, aparece por primera vez en Argentina. Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Río de la Plata, escrito hacia 1612 por Ruy Díaz de Guzmán. Será luego tema de novelas históricas, como las de Eduarda Mansilla y Rosa Guerra en el siglo XIX. El relato original debería incluirse en los documentos referidos a la expedición de Sebastián Gaboto al Río de la Plata (1526-1529) y, específicamente, a la destrucción del fuerte Sancti Spíritus; sin embargo, en los documentos consultados del siglo XVI, referidos a esos hechos, el mito no aparece. Propongo analizar estos documentos iniciales, ignorados por la crítica literaria, para indagar las operaciones retórico-ideológicas que se encuentran en la génesis textual del mito de Lucía Miranda y constatar la persistencia de una matriz de sentido asociada a la mujer y la colonialidad que perdura en el tiempo, en las sucesivas reescrituras de la historia

Redescription of larva, pupa and adult of <i>Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) and the removal of the specie of the Cycloleppteron series

The redescription of male, female, pupa and larva of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878 is presented. The species is included in the Cycloleppteron Series of Anopheles, although several authors consider that this is artificial. The redescription of Anopheles annulipalpis demonstrate that pupae have laticorn trumpet. By this fact is compared with An. grabhamii Theobald, 1901 and similar species of the Arribalzagia Series and Myzorhynchus Series. The laticorn type of trumpet joined the other differences and similarities found are sufficient to remove An. annulipalpis of Cycloleppteron Series and included as an unplaced member of the Angusticorn Section.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Redescription of larva, pupa and adult of <i>Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) and the removal of the specie of the Cycloleppteron series

The redescription of male, female, pupa and larva of Anopheles (Anopheles) annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878 is presented. The species is included in the Cycloleppteron Series of Anopheles, although several authors consider that this is artificial. The redescription of Anopheles annulipalpis demonstrate that pupae have laticorn trumpet. By this fact is compared with An. grabhamii Theobald, 1901 and similar species of the Arribalzagia Series and Myzorhynchus Series. The laticorn type of trumpet joined the other differences and similarities found are sufficient to remove An. annulipalpis of Cycloleppteron Series and included as an unplaced member of the Angusticorn Section.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Annotated checklist, distribution, and taxonomic bibliography of the mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) of Argentina

A decade and a half have passed since the last publication of the mosquito distribution list in Argentina. During this time several new records have been added, and taxonomic modifications have occurred at the genus and subgenus level. Therefore, considering these changes, I decided to create an updated list of the 242 species present in Argentina, along with their distributions by province. Two first records for Argentina (Culex lopesi and Cx. vaxus), two old records unregistered by authors (Cx. albinensis and Wyeomyia fuscipes), 13 new provincial records for 11 species (Cx. apicinus, Cx. bidens, Cx. eduardoi, Cx. lahillei, Cx. pipiens, Cx. tatoi, Cx. usquatus, Cx. imitator, Cx. oedipus, Sabethes chloropterus, and Wy. oblita), and the extension of distribution of other species are presented. The list of literature references for the documents concerning mosquitos is included.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

El arte y el éxito: un matrimonio incómodo

In this paper we analyze the correlation between measures of success (number of recordings, artistic income) over a sample of performing musicians. We obtain that women tend to record more than men but earn less artistic income; measures of success are correlated positively with broad measures of general and specific human capital; outcomes also display significant variation explained by artistic genre and occupation.

El arte y el éxito: un matrimonio incómodo

In this paper we analyze the correlation between measures of success (number of recordings, artistic income) over a sample of performing musicians. We obtain that women tend to record more than men but earn less artistic income; measures of success are correlated positively with broad measures of general and specific human capital; outcomes also display significant variation explained by artistic genre and occupation.

List of species, biological data and illustrated key to the identification of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) found in artificial breeding in Uruguay

Se presenta la lista de especies y una clave ilustrada para el reconocimiento de géneros y especies de larvas de mosquitos de cuarto estadio, que fueron halladas criando en recipientes y otros ambientes artificiales, como desagües domiciliarios, en Uruguay. En el país se conoce la presencia de 12 géneros y 51 especies de mosquitos, 22 especies, repartidas en seis géneros, fueron halladas criando en ambientes artificiales (la clave incluye 18): Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Aedes albopictus Skuse, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) sp., Anopheles (Anopheles) sp., Culex apicinus Philippi, Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Culex dolosus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Culex maxi Dyar, Culex mollis Dyar & Knab, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex pipiens (L.), Culex saltanensis Dyar, Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Maquart), Ochlerotatus crinifer (Theobald), Ochlerotatus fluviatilis (Lutz), Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani), Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius), Psorophora cingulata (Fabricius), Psorophora confinnis (Lynch A.), Psorophora (Grabhamia) sp., Psorophora (Janthinosoma) sp. y Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab). Se citan por primera vez para Uruguay a Cx. apicinus, Cx. mollis y Ps. cingulata.List of species, biological data and illustrated key to the identification of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) found in artificial breeding in Uruguay. We present the list of species and an illustrated key to the recognition of genera and species of mosquito larvae of fourth instar were found breeding in artificial containers and other artificial environments as household drains in Uruguay. The country is known to occur in 12 genera and 51 species of mosquitoes, 22 species, spread over six genera, were found breeding in artificial environments (including 18 in the key): Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Aedes albopictus Skuse, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) sp., Anopheles (Anopheles) sp., Culex apicinus Philippi, Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Culex dolosus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Culex maxi Dyar, Culex mollis Dyar & Knab, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Culex pipiens (L.), Culex saltanensis Dyar, Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Maquart), Ochlerotatus crinifer (Theobald), Ochlerotatus fluviatilis (Lutz), Ochlerotatus scapularis (Rondani), Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius), Psorophora cingulata (Fabricius), Psorophora confinnis (Lynch A.), Psorophora (Grabhamia) sp., Psorophora (Janthinosoma) sp. and Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab). Culex apicinus, Cx. mollis and Ps. cingulata are recorded for the first time in Uruguay.Fil: Rossi, Gustavo Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Maria. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la República; Urugua