Wirtschaft, Umwelt und Raum. Lerntext und Aufgaben mit Lösungen

Das Lehrmittel behandelt in erster Linie grundlegende Themen der Wirtschaftsgeografie. Es beschäftigt sich mit den Wirtschaftssektoren, speziell mit der Landwirtschaft, mit Nachhaltigkeit, Energie und Verkehr, setzt sich mit der Globalisierung und ihren Folgen für Industrie- und Entwicklungsländer auseinander und schliesst mit einem Kapitel zur Raumplanung

Food selectivity and pickiness in adulthood: an age and gender-related behaviour?

Food pickiness –or selectivity- is a behavior which may lead to a lack of variety and an unbalanced diet. While this trait has been studied in children, pickiness in adults has been more rarely explored and only recently in French elderly1. The first aim of the present work was to identify if pickiness varies according to age and gender in adults. The second aim was to examine the link between the selectivity score and self-reported degree of pickiness. Four hundred French adults from 25 to 75 years old answered an online survey. Respondents were asked to tick each food they dislike among a list of 71 food items. The selectivity score was the number of disliked food items1. Moreover, participants were asked to indicate if they considered themselves as a picky eater on a 5-point scale. Selectivity scores varied from 0 (n=46) to 26 out of a total of 71 food items, with a mean of 4.9 (SD=4.3); 10% of the sample scoring higher than 12. Self-reported pickiness mean was 1.5 (SD=0.8), and 10% scored higher than 3. No gender effect was observed, whether on selectivity score [P=0.47] or on self-reported-pickiness [P=0.23]. The agexgender interaction was not significant (selectivity: [P=0.91]; pickiness: [P=0.54]). There was a significant age effect on pickiness [P=0.003]; participants over 55 years reported themselves as less picky than those under 35 years. However, the age effect was not significant on selectivity [P=.12]. Furthermore, selectivity score increased with self-reported pickiness [P=0.000]. In elderly we previously found that food selectivity was positively correlated with malnutrition risk1. In adults, it would be interesting to look if the diet is less balanced for self-reported picky eaters, and what is the link between the selectivity score and the diet quality

Co-ordinated Functions of WASH and Exocyst Complex Underlie the Biogenesis of Invadopodia in Metastatic Breast Tumor Cells

The trade-mark of a metastatic tumor cell is its ability to disseminate from the primary tumor by degrading the extracellular matrix and basement membranes that form a barrier around the tissue. Remodelling of the extracellular matrix by metastatic cells requires formation of actinbased protrusions of the plasma membrane called invadopodia, where the trans-membrane matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP accumulates. How the cell coordinates targeting of MT1- MMP with actin assembly to form a functional invadopodium remains unclear. Here, we describe an interaction between the exocyst complex and the endosomal Arp2/3 activator WASH on MT1-MMP-containing late endosomes in MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Exocyst and WASH regulate actin assembly on MT1-MMP-containing endosomes to control their dynamics. Both protein complexes are required for invadopodia formation and matrix degradation by a mechanism that involves transient tubular connections between the endosomes and the plasma membrane, which ensure focal delivery of MT1-MMP. These connections are accompanied by recruitment of another Arp2/3 activator, N-WASP, to mature invadopodia and loss of WASH. These findings imply a new definition of invadopodia as structures where late endosomes fuse transiently with the plasma membrane to promote actin assembly and deliver the matrix metalloproteinase to focal sites of matrix degradation