Peranan “Bundo Kanduang” dalam Sistem Pemerintahan dan Sistem Adat di Nagari Koto Laweh Kecamatan X Koto Kabupaten Tanah Datar Sumatera Barat

Minangkabau is one of the tribes and cultures in Indonesian, located in the Sumatera Barat province. The structure of Minangkabau society oeganized according to matrilineal principles, namely a matrilineal. Mother in Adat Minangkabau known as Bundo Kanduang which literally means true mother. Bundo Kanduang can be two categorized, that is: First, as a personality characteristic that refers to the Minangkabau woman as individuals must contributed to the real demands of society. Second, Bundo Kanduang as an institution parallel with other institutions, has the same power and access to the Minangkabau government structure. The purpose of this research is to know (1) Bundo Kanduang in Koto Laweh Village X Koto Subdistrict Tanah Datar Regency Sumatera Barat (2) The role of Bundo Kanduang in the government system in Koto Laweh Village X Koto Subdistrict Tanah Datar Regency Sumatera Barat (3) The role Bundo Kanduang in the customs system in Koto Laweh Village X Koto Subdistrict Tanah Datar Regency Sumatera Barat (4) The prohibition and abstinence Bundo Kanduang in Koto Laweh Village X Koto Subdistrict Tanah Datar Regency Sumatera Barat. The research uses descriptive methode with qualitative approach, and data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, documentation and literature. The result of this research show there are role of Bundo Kanduang in Koto Laweh Village in the village government as well as in the customs

Adherence to the mediterranean diet in association with self-perception of diet sustainability, anthropometric and sociodemographic factors: A cross-sectional study in italian adults

The adoption of sustainable dietary models, such as the Mediterranean Diet (MD), can be a valuable strategy to preserve ecosystems and human health. This study aims to investigate in an Italian adult representative sample the adherence to the MD and to what extent it is associated with the self-perceived adoption of a sustainable diet, the consideration of the MD as a sustainable dietary model, and anthropometric and sociodemographic factors. By applying an online survey (n = 838, 18–65 years, 52% female), an intermediate level of MD adherence (median: 4.0, IR: 3.0–4.0) in a 0–9 range was observed. Only 50% of the total sample confirmed the MD as a sustainable dietary model, and 84% declared no or low perception of adopting a sustainable diet. Being female, having a higher income and education level, considering the MD as a sustainable dietary model, as well as the perception of having a sustainable diet were the most relevant factors influencing the probability of having a high score (≥6) of adherence to the MD. This study suggests a gradual shift away from the MD in Italy and supports the need to address efforts for developing intervention strategies tailored to adults for improving diet quality. Furthermore, a public campaign should stress the link between a diet and its environmental impact to foster nutritionally adequate and eco-friendly dietary behaviors

Deskripsi Industri Kopi Luwak di Wilayah Desa Way Mengaku

This study aims to examine the description of civet coffee industry in the region of the village of Balik Bukit District Way Mengaku West Lampung. The study used a descriptive method. Population of 13 civet coffee industry. Data collection observation, interview and documentation. Analysis of the percentage table data as a basis for the study description. The results showed (1) raw materials civet coffee entrepreneur average of 154 kg for every one-time production, (2) one-time capital production average of Rp 3,000,000 (3) the production process using a mortar and pestle. (4) the marketing of civet coffee production set up their own stalls, (5) transportation used is a motorcycle (6) personnel employed as many as 2 people (7) Fuel used to use fuels such as firewood.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang deskripsi industri kopi luwak di wilayah Desa Way Mengaku Kecamatan Balik Bukit Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif. Populasi sebanyak 13 industri kopi luwak. Pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis data tabel persentase sebagai dasar untuk penelitian deskripsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) bahan baku pengusaha kopi luwak rata-rata 154 kg untuk setiap satu kali produksi,(2) modal satu kali produksi rata-rata Rp 3.000.000 (3) proses produksi menggunakan alat lumpang dan alu. (4) pemasaran hasil produksi kopi luwak mendirikan kios sendiri, (5) Transportasi yang digunakan adalah sepeda motor (6) Tenga kerja yang dipekerjakan sebanyak 2 orang (7) Bahan bakar yang digunakan menggunakan bahan bakar berupa kayu baka

Towards a better understanding of the HTL process of lignin-rich feedstock

Abstract The hydrothermal liquefaction reactions (HTL) in subcritical conditions of a lignin residue has been studied on a lab scale. The starting material was a lignin rich residue co-produced by an industrial plant situated in Northern Italy producing lignocellulosic bioethanol. The reactions were carried out in batch mode using stainless steel autoclaves. The experiments were under the following operating conditions: two different temperatures (300–350 °C), the presence of basis catalysts (NaOH, and NH4OH) in different concentrations and the presence/absence of capping agent 2,6-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol (BHT). Lignin residue and reaction products were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as CHN-S, TGA, GC–MS, EPR, and 1H-NMR with (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (T.E.M.P.O.). The addition of BHT did not significantly affect the yield of char which is formed by radical way. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the level of radicals during the reaction was negligible. Therefore, the results obtained experimentally suggest that the reaction takes place via an ionic route while radical species would play a minor role

The selection of rain gauges and rainfall parameters in estimating intensity-duration thresholds for landslide occurrence: Case study from Wayanad (India)

© 2020 by the authors. Recurring landslides in theWestern Ghats have become an important concern for authorities, considering the recent disasters that occurred during the 2018 and 2019 monsoons. Wayanad is one of the highly affected districts in Kerala State (India), where landslides have become a threat to lives and properties. Rainfall is the major factor which triggers landslides in this region, and hence, an early warning system could be developed based on empirical rainfall thresholds considering the relationship between rainfall events and their potential to initiate landslides. As an initial step in achieving this goal, a detailed study was conducted to develop a regional scale rainfall threshold for the area using intensity and duration conditions, using the landslides that occurred during the years from 2010 to 2018. Detailed analyses were conducted in order to select the most effective method for choosing a reference rain gauge and rainfall event associated with the occurrence of landslides. The study ponders the effect of the selection of rainfall parameters for this data-sparse region by considering four different approaches. First, a regional scale threshold was defined using the nearest rain gauge. The second approach was achieved by selecting the most extreme rainfall event recorded in the area, irrespective of the location of landslide and rain gauge. Third, the classical definition of intensity was modified from average intensity to peak daily intensity measured by the nearest rain gauge. In the last approach, four different local scale thresholds were defined, exploring the possibility of developing a threshold for a uniform meteo-hydro-geological condition instead of merging the data and developing a regional scale threshold. All developed thresholds were then validated and empirically compared to find the best suited approach for the study area. From the analysis, it was observed that the approach selecting the rain gauge based on the most extreme rainfall parameters performed better than the other approaches. The results are useful in understanding the sensitivity of Intensity-Duration threshold models to some boundary conditions such as rain gauge selection, the intensity definition and the strategy of subdividing the area into independent alert zones. The results were discussed with perspective on a future application in a regional scale Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS) and on further improvements needed for this objective

Effect of the change of social environment on the behavior of a captive brown bear (Ursus arctos)

We observed the behavior of a captive sterilized male brown bear before and after the death of his female sibling to investigate the effect of the change of social environment on his behavior and welfare. Observations were carried out by continuous recording during daylight for 6 wk prior to hibernation when the bear was kept with the sibling, and they were repeated 2 years later when the bear was alone (total observation time is 108 h). Feeding, moving, and the total amount of time spent resting (including sleeping and alert inactive) were not affected by the change of social environment. However, when the bear was alone, the percentage of time he spent alert inactive almost trebled (pair, 17.7 \ub1 3.3%; alone, 48.5 \ub1 5.5%; P < 0.001), and the time spent sleeping was less than one-third (pair, 51.1 \ub1 6.1%; alone, 14.2 \ub1 5.0%; P < 0.001) than when the female was present. The bear spent most of his sleeping time in lateral lying posture (a posture probably associated with rapid eyes movement sleep). The percentage of time dedicated to this posture was significantly reduced after the death of his sibling (pair, 35.9 \ub1 7.4%; alone, 15.0 \ub1 5.4%; P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of time spent in quadrupedal posture increased (pair, 17.1 \ub1 5.4%; alone, 37.8 \ub1 7.8; P < 0.05). One of the possible reasons for these changes may be an increased risk perception of the bear after the death of his sibling. Our results highlight the importance of social environment and of its changes, which should be carefully considered to maintain captive bears in good welfare conditions

clinical status and evolution in moyamoya which angiographic findings correlate

Abstract Moyamoya is a progressive steno-occlusive cerebrovascular pathology of unknown aetiology that usually involves the terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries and/or the proximal portions of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries bilaterally. The pre-operative Suzuki staging system and post-operative Matsushima grade are nearly universally used markers of natural history and surgical revascularization results, respectively, but their correlation with clinical and radiographic manifestations of moyamoya has not been systematically evaluated in a large cohort. This study evaluated the strength of correlations between pre- and post-operative angiographic parameters and clinical status among paediatric patients with moyamoya. The participants included 58 patients of mean age 11 years at the time of surgery who underwent bilateral indirect revascularization in the same procedure at Boston Children's Hospital, between January 2010 and December 2015. All included patients had available pre-operative and 1-year post-operative digital subtraction angiography. Clinical data included presenting symptoms, degree of functional incapacity, and peri-operative and long-term complications. Radiographic data included pre-operative Suzuki stage, degree of arterial stenosis, a novel collateral score, the presence of hypovascular territories on digital subtraction angiography, and post-operative Matsushima grade and evolution of stenosis. Chi-squared test and Pearson coefficient were used for correlation studies for categorical variables and Spearman's rho was used for correlation studies for continuous variables. Results showed that Suzuki stage, collateral score and degree of stenosis were insufficient to predict clinical presentation, pre-operative incapacity and radiographic presentation, whereas the presence of hypovascular territories was correlated with all of these. At 1-year follow-up, Matsushima grade was insufficient for predicting peri-operative or long-term complications, nor did it correlate with post-operative incapacity. The presence of hypovascular territories at 1-year follow-up was correlated with the incidence of post-operative ischaemic symptoms

Anticipating Stream Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change: Toward Predictions That Incorporate Effects via Land–Water Linkages

Climate change (CC) is projected to increase the frequency and severity of natural disturbances (wildfires, insect outbreaks, and debris flows) and shift distributions of terrestrial ecosystems on a global basis. Although such terrestrial changes may affect stream ecosystems, they have not been incorporated into predictions of stream responses to CC. Here, we introduce a conceptual framework to evaluate to what extent responses of streams to CC will be driven by not only changes in thermal and hydrologic regimes, but also alterations of terrestrial processes. We focused on forested water-sheds of western North America because this region is projected to experience CC-induced alteration of terrestrial processes. This provided a backdrop for investigating interactive effects of climate and terrestrial responses on streams. Because stream responses to terrestrial processes have been well-studied in contexts largely independent of CC research, we synthesized this knowledge to demonstrate how CC-induced alterations of terrestrial ecosystems may affect streams. Our synthesis indicated that altered terrestrial processes will change terrestrial–aquatic linkages and autotrophic production, potentially yielding greater sensitivity of streams to CC than would be expected based on shifts in temperature and precipitation regime alone. Despite uncertainties that currently constrain predictions regarding stream responses to these additional pathways of change, this synthesis highlighted broader effects of CC that require additional research. Based on widespread evidence that CC is linked to changing terrestrial processes, we conclude that accurate predictions of CC effects on streams may be coupled to the accuracy of predictions for long-term changes in terrestrial ecosystems