Hydrology and hydrobiology of Chaloos River

The Chaloos River originates from Alborz Mountain and enters into the Caspian Sea in Chaloos city. Five stations were chosen in different areas for the study during 1371 to 1372 (1992-93). Total variation range of hardness decreased 1 to 5 station, but measure NH4 and NO3 increased. 45 genera belongs to 4 phyla of phytoplankton as follows: Chrysophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta and Cyanophyta. Zooplankton existing in this river belong to animal classes, which had more abundance in Sarcodina and Monogononta. The benthos river establish Insecta larvae of Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera and Odonata (Orders). Chaloos fishes included to 4 families, 10 genera and 12 species. Cyprinidac consisted 66.7% of total fish and had maximum diversity at the various stations

Longitudinal photocurrent spectroscopy of a single GaAs/AlGaAs v-groove quantum wire

Modulation-doped GaAs v-groove quantum wires (QWRs) have been fabricated with novel electrical contacts made to two-dimensional electron-gas (2DEG) reservoirs. Here, we present longitudinal photocurrent (photoconductivity/PC) spectroscopy measurements of a single QWR. We clearly observe conductance in the ground-state one-dimensional subbands; in addition, a highly temperature-dependent response is seen from other structures within the v-groove. The latter phenomenon is attributed to the effects of structural topography and localization on carrier relaxation. The results of power-dependent PC measurements suggest that the QWR behaves as a series of weakly interacting localized states, at low temperatures

Scaling approach to tight-binding transport in realistic graphene devices:the case of transverse magnetic focusing

Ultraclean graphene sheets encapsulated between hexagonal boron nitride crystals host two-dimensional electron systems in which low-temperature transport is solely limited by the sample size. We revisit the theoretical problem of carrying out microscopic calculations of nonlocal ballistic transport in such micron-scale devices. By employing the Landauer-Büttiker scattering theory, we propose a scaling approach to tight-binding nonlocal transport in realistic graphene devices. We test our numerical method against experimental data on transverse magnetic focusing (TMF), a textbook example of nonlocal ballistic transport in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. This comparison enables a clear physical interpretation of all the observed features of the TMF signal, including its oscillating sign

Frequency of \u3b2-thalassemia trait and other hemoglobinopathies in northern and western India

Introduction : India is an ethnically diverse country with an approximate population of 1.2 billion. The frequency of beta-thalassemia trait (\u3b2TT) has variously been reported from < 1% to 17% and an average of 3.3%. Most of these studies have been carried out on small population groups and some have been based on hospital-based patients. There is also a variation in the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in different regions and population groups in the country. A high frequency of Hb D has been reported from the North in the Punjabi population, Hb E in the eastern region of India and Hb S is mainly reported from populations of tribal origin from different parts of the country. Objectives: To study the gene frequency of \u3b2TT and other hemoglobinopathies in three regions East (Kolkata), West (Mumbai) and North (Delhi) in larghe population group (schoolchildren) for a more accurate assessment of gene frequency for planning of control programmes for haemoglobinopathies. Materials and Methods: This study included 5408 children from 11 schools in Delhi, 5682 from 75 schools in Mumbai and 957 schoolchildren from Kolkata who were screened for \u3b2TT and haemoglobinopathies. These included 5684 children from 75 schools in Mumbai and 5408 children from 11 schools in Delhi. Children were 11-18 years of age of both sexes. The final report is, however, only on 11090 schoolchildren from Mumbai and Delhi as data from Kolkata was restricted both in numbers and objectives and could not be included for comparison. Results: The overall gene frequency of \u3b2TT in Mumbai and Delhi was 4.05% being 2.68% and 5.47% in children of the two cities respectively. In Mumbai, the gene frequency was evenly distributed. Majority of the children with \u3b2TT from Mumbai were from Marathi (38.9%) and Gujarati (25%) speaking groups. Gene frequency was> 5% in Bhatias, Khatris, Lohanas and Schedule Castes. In Delhi, a higher incidence was observed in schoolchildren of North and West Delhi (5.8-9.2%). The schoolchildren of North and West Delhi comprised predominantly of Punjabi origin compared to children in the South of the city (2.2%, 2.3%). When analyzed state-wise, the highest incidence was observed in children of Punjabi origin (7.6%) and was> 4% from several other states. Majority of the traits from Mumbai were anemic (95.1% male and 85.6% in female). The prevalence of anemia was lower (62.7% male and 58.4% female) children with \u3b2TT from Delhi. This was a reflection of the higher prevalence of anemia in children without hemoglobinopathy in Mumbai than in Delhi. Nutritional deficiency was probably more severe and rampant in children Mumbai. Gene frequency of Hb D was greater in schoolchildren from Delhi (1.1%) than in Mumbai (0.7%). Hb S trait (0.2%) was observed exclusively in children from Mumbai. A low incidence of Hb E trait (0.04%) was seen in children in Mumbai. A higher incidence is reported from the East. The number of cases studied from the eastern region was small as the data from the East (Kolkata) could not be included in the analysis. Conclusion: This study comprises a larger number of children studied for the gene frequency of \u3b2TT and other hemoglobinopathies from India. Population groups with higher gene frequencies require screening programmes and facilities for antenatal diagnosis as well as increased awareness and educational programmes to control the birth of thalassemic homozygotes. The overall carrier frequency of \u3b2TT was 4.05% and reinforces the differential frequency of \u3b2-thalassemia trait in schoolchildren from Delhi and Mumbai and the higher incidence of hemoglobin D in Punjabis as reported previously. The birth incidence calculated thereof for homozygous thalassemics would be 11,316 per year which are added each year to the existing load of homozygous thalassemics. This is much higher than the previously reported number of births annually. Hence suitable control measures need to be undertaken urgently in India

Simultaneous Determination of Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat for Refractory Materials

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66352/1/j.1151-2916.1990.tb07594.x.pd

The effects of an 8-week mindful eating intervention on anticipatory reward responses in striatum and midbrain

IntroductionAccumulating evidence suggests that increased neural responses during the anticipation of high-calorie food play an important role in the tendency to overeat. A promising method for counteracting enhanced food anticipation in overeating might be mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). However, the neural mechanisms by which MBIs can affect food reward anticipation are unclear. In this randomized, actively controlled study, the primary objective was to investigate the effect of an 8-week mindful eating intervention on reward anticipation. We hypothesized that mindful eating would decrease striatal reward anticipation responses. Additionally, responses in the midbrain—from which the reward pathways originate—were explored.MethodsUsing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested 58 healthy participants with a wide body mass index range (BMI: 19–35 kg/m2), motivated to change their eating behavior. During scanning they performed an incentive delay task, measuring neural reward anticipation responses to caloric and monetary cues before and after 8 weeks of mindful eating or educational cooking (active control).ResultsCompared with the educational cooking intervention, mindful eating affected neural reward anticipation responses, with reduced caloric relative to monetary reward responses. This effect was, however, not seen in the striatum, but only in the midbrain. The secondary objective was to assess temporary and long-lasting (1 year follow-up) intervention effects on self-reported eating behavior and anthropometric measures [BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR)]. We did not observe effects of the mindful eating intervention on eating behavior. Instead, the control intervention showed temporary beneficial effects on BMI, waist circumference, and diet quality, but not on WHR or self-reported eating behavior, as well as long-lasting increases in knowledge about healthy eating.DiscussionThese results suggest that an 8-week mindful eating intervention may have decreased the relative salience of food cues by affecting midbrain but not striatal reward responses, without necessarily affecting regular eating behavior. However, these exploratory results should be verified in confirmatory research.The primary and secondary objectives of the study were registered in the Dutch Trial Register (NTR): NL4923 (NTR5025)

Radiative Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in a Little Higgs Model

We present a new Little Higgs model, motivated by the deconstruction of a five-dimensional gauge-Higgs model. The approximate global symmetry is $SO(5)_0\times SO(5)_1$, breaking to $SO(5)$, with a gauged subgroup of $[SU(2)_{0L}\times U(1)_{0R}]\times O(4)_1$, breaking to $SU(2)_L \times U(1)_Y$. Radiative corrections produce an additional small vacuum misalignment, breaking the electroweak symmetry down to $U(1)_{EM}$. Novel features of this model are: the only un-eaten pseudo-Goldstone boson in the effective theory is the Higgs boson; the model contains a custodial symmetry, which ensures that $\hat{T}=0$ at tree-level; and the potential for the Higgs boson is generated entirely through one-loop radiative corrections. A small negative mass-squared in the Higgs potential is obtained by a cancellation between the contribution of two heavy partners of the top quark, which is readily achieved over much of the parameter space. We can then obtain both a vacuum expectation value of $v=246$ GeV and a light Higgs boson mass, which is strongly correlated with the masses of the two heavy top quark partners. For a scale of the global symmetry breaking of $f=1$ TeV and using a single cutoff for the fermion loops, the Higgs boson mass satisfies 120 GeV $\lesssim M_H\lesssim150$ GeV over much of the range of parameter space. For $f$ raised to 10 TeV, these values increase by about 40 GeV. Effects at the ultraviolet cutoff scale may also raise the predicted values of the Higgs boson mass, but the model still favors $M_H\lesssim 200$ GeV.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures, JHEP style. Version accepted for publication in JHEP. Includes additional discussion of sensitivity to UV effects and fine-tuning, revised Fig. 9, added appendix and additional references

Classical Euclidean wormhole solutions in Palatini f(R~)f(\tilde{R}) cosmology

We study the classical Euclidean wormholes in the context of extended theories of gravity. With no loss of generality, we use the dynamical equivalence between $f(\tilde{R})$ gravity and scalar-tensor theories to construct a point-like Lagrangian in the flat FRW space time. We first show the dynamical equivalence between Palatini $f(\tilde{R})$ gravity and the Brans-Dicke theory with self-interacting potential, and then show the dynamical equivalence between the Brans-Dicke theory with self-interacting potential and the minimally coupled O'Hanlon theory. We show the existence of new Euclidean wormhole solutions for this O'Hanlon theory and, for an special case, find out the corresponding form of $f(\tilde{R})$ having wormhole solution. For small values of the Ricci scalar, this $f(\tilde{R})$ is in agreement with the wormhole solution obtained for higher order gravity theory $\tilde{R}+\epsilon \tilde{R}^2,\epsilon<0$.Comment: 11 page