Mažmeninės prekybos tinklų veiklos praktika analizuojant Sandorio išlaidas, susijusias su gamintoju : mažmenininko rūpestis

Paper is based on the knowledge of the theory of transaction cost analysis, which makes it possible for the members of the distribution channel to make decisions on the number of forms of the organization in order to realize their activities successfully. That explains the functioning of the relations on the basis of the transaction costs theory and helps understand how the retail chain makes its decisions with the aim of lowering the costs resulting from its activity with regard to its own strategic goals in the context of cooperation with the milk producer. In this framework and using the example of milk, the article shows the trade practices of retail chains to improve the relationships manufacturer – retailer in the Slovak consumer market

The E180splice Mutation in the GHR Gene Causing Laron Syndrome: Witness of a Sephardic Jewish Exodus from the Iberian Peninsula to the New World?

Artículo de publicación ISILaron syndrome(LS) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene. The most frequent GHR mutation is E180splice (rs121909360), which was initially found in an inbred population of Spanish descent in Ecuador and subsequently in Israel, Brazil, Chile, and the United States. The aim of the present study is to determine if the E180splice mutation arose from a common origin. We studied 22 patients with LS from Ecuador, Israel (of Moroccan origin), Brazil, Chile, and the United States (of Mexican origin) who were homozygous for the E180splice mutation and compared them to control individuals for markers surrounding the GHR, intragenic polymorphisms, and Y-chromosome STR. An identical haplotype was found in all but one of the subjects carrying the E180splice mutation: D5S665: 150/150; D5S2082: 192/192; D5S2087: 246/ 246; rs6179 G/G; and rs6180 C/C. One patient differed from the others only at D5S2082 (168/192). This haplotype is rare ( 1%) in control individuals and confirmed that the E180splice-associated haplotype was not derived from independent origins but represented recombination from a common ancestor. The analysis of paternal lineage markers showed that 50% belong to haplogroup R1b (found in Portugal and Spain) and 40% to haplogroups J and E (typical in the Middle East and in Eastern European Jews). The germline E180Splice mutation appears to have originated froma single common ancestor. The presence of Y-chromosome markers associated with Sephardic populations in persons harboring the E180splice mutation provides genetic evidence in support of the historical tracking of the exodus of this specific population.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); Grant number: 2013/03236-5; Grant sponsor: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Grant numbers: 300982/2009-7, 304678/2012-0

Developing Municipal e-Government in Italy: The City of Alfa Case

The paper aims to analyze the new trends in the public administration’s way of doing government business. Specifically, it takes stock of the various actions developed to modernize the administrative and management structures of public companies (PA) and their outcomes. The modernization effort is the result of two macro actions: public administration reforms and the successive pervasion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The e-Government process is driven by ICTs and the search for a new way to govern. Given that many aspects of the reforms highlight the PA’s multifaceted nature, the outcome of the phenomenon also needs to be defined and studied by taking into account how it straddles the technological, organizational, managerial, informatics, relational and cultural dimensions. The paper analyzes a case study of e-Government implementation in a mid-sized municipality in Northern Italy; the aim is to understand how Italy’s new reforms and the advent of ICTs have shaped the City of Alfa’s route to change

Increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels produced in vitro by alloactivated T lymphocytes in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon

The aim of the present study was to analyse the in vitro proliferation and cytokine production by alloantigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from patients affected by systemic sclerosis (SSc) and patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). In SSc patients the proliferation of PBMC stimulated in vitro with alloantigens was significantly increased compared with healthy subjects, while no differences were observed for RP patients. Lymphocytes from SSc patients also produced larger amounts of IFN-γ compared with healthy controls. However, patients with clinically active disease had lower IFN-γ levels than those found in clinically stable patients. Patients affected by RP showed significantly higher levels of IFN-γ than healthy subjects. Analysis at the clonal level of the lymphocyte subsets involved in alloantigen stimulation in one patient affected by active SSc, and one subject with RP confirmed the results obtained using PBMC. In particular, in the RP patient but not in the SSc patient, we observed a population of CD4+ T cells which proliferated to alloantigens in vitro and produced high levels of IFN-γ. We suggest that T lymphocytes producing high levels of IFN-γ might play a protective role in RP patients and in established scleroderma