Impacto do programa bolsa família sobre a frequência escolar: o caso da agricultura familiar no Nordeste do Brasil.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto do programa de transferência de renda condicionada Bolsa Família sobre a frequência escolar de crianças e adolescentes de cinco a 14 anos na agricultura familiar dos estados de Pernambuco, Ceará, Sergipe e Paraíba. Nessa investigação, o trabalho faz uso de dados primários (pesquisa de campo) e dados secundários (PNAD, 2005) para obter estimativas de propensity score. Os resultados indicam que, de forma geral, o programa eleva a frequência escolar das referidas crianças no intervalo de 5,4 a 5,9 pontos percentuais. Contudo, há importantes diferenças quando se considera meninas e meninos separadamente, sendo o programa eficaz no primeiro caso e ineficaz no segundo. Ou seja, apesar da avaliação positiva para as meninas, não parece haver efeito do programa sobre a frequência escolar dos meninos, o que pode estar associado a diferenças de gênero nos custos de oportunidades do investimento em capital humano no meio rural

3D alignment and averaging of quasi equivalent volumes extracted from tomograms

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Promoción de la salud y calidad de vida entre madres de preadolescentes: una etnografia enfocada Promoção da saúde e qualidade de vida entre mães de pré-adolescentes: uma etnografia enfocada Health promotion and quality of life among mothers of preadolescents: a focused ethnography

Se utilizó etnografía enfocada para identificar creencias, valores y prácticas de Promoción de la Salud y Calidad de Vida entre madres de preadolescentes en Argentina. Se describió la influencia materna en las elecciones que hacen los preadolescentes y la protección de los jóvenes ante comportamientos de riesgo. Los datos se obtuvieron de una muestra intencional de 10 madres con observación participante, entrevistas grabadas, notas de campo y diario personal suplementadas con genogramas y fotografías como opción. El análisis temático de los datos condujo al significado del rol materno en la protección de los hijos ante comportamientos de riesgo para la salud. También se identificaron 2 patrones de cuidado y los componentes del "buen vivir".<br>A etnografia enfocada foi usada para aprender a respeito de crenças, valores e práticas de promoção da saúde e qualidade de vida entre mães de pré-adolescentes na Argentina. Este estudo descreve como as mães influenciam nas escolhas dos pré-adolescentes e protegem os jovens com respeito aos comportamentos de risco. Os dados foram coletados em uma amostra intencional de 10 mães, através da observação participante, entrevistas gravadas e notas de campo, suplementadas por genogramas e por fotografia como opção. O tratamento os dados foi feito mediante análise temática, e permitiu a compreensão do papel de proteção da mãe frente ao comportamento de risco, bem como de 2 padrões de cuidado e dos componentes do bom viver.<br>Focused ethnography was used to identify beliefs, values and practices of Health Promotion and Quality of Life among mothers of preadolescents in Argentina. This study described how they influence their preadolescents' choices and protect them from risk behaviors. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 10 mothers, including participant observation, tape recorded interviews, field notes and personal diary, supplemented by genograms and used photographs as an option. Through content and theme analysis, we gained greater understanding of the role of mothers in protecting their children from health risk behaviors. We also identified the meaning of two care patterns and how the term "good life" made sense to them

Programa Bolsa Família: impacto das transferências sobre os gastos com alimentos em famílias rurais

Programas de transferência condicionada de renda são políticas sociais correntemente empregadas para combater e reduzir a pobreza em diversos países. No curto prazo, esses programas visam aliviar os problemas decorrentes da situação de pobreza, sendo que, no longo prazo, o objetivo é investir no capital humano, quebrando o ciclo intergeracional da pobreza. Estudos têm sido realizados para avaliar os impactos desses programas sobre variáveis como freqüência escolar, trabalho infantil, gastos com alimentação, entre outros. Este trabalho avalia o impacto da transferência de renda do Programa Bolsa Família sobre os gastos com alimentos de famílias rurais. As estimações foram feitas com base no método de Propensity Score Matching (PSM), que corrige para o viés de seleção amostral. Os resultados mostram que o valor médio das despesas anuais para as famílias beneficiárias supera em R$246 os gastos totais das famílias não-participantes. Considerando que a média anual recebida por essas famílias é de R$ 278, pode-se inferir que 88% desse valor é utilizado para consumo de alimento. Portanto, o programa de transferência condicionada Bolsa Família exerce um impacto positivo sobre o consumo de alimentos dessas famílias selecionadas.<br>Conditional income transfer programs are social policies currently adopted to reduce poverty in several countries. These conditional transfer schemes have a goal to alleviate some of the consequences of poverty in the short run and increase human capital in the long run changing the intergenerational poverty cycle. Several papers evaluate the impact of income transfer on school attendance, child work and food expenses, among others. This paper analyzes the impact of the Bolsa Família Program on food expenses of rural families. The Propensity Score Method was used to correct sample selection bias. Results show that annual food expenses increased 246 reais in relation to non participant families. Considering that average annual transfer to these families is 278 reais, it can be concluded that 88% of the transfer is expend in food products. Thus, Bolsa Família brings a positive impact on food consumption of the benefited families

Effect of Means-Tested Social Transfers on Labor Supply: Heads Versus Spouses—An Empirical Analysis of Work Disincentives in the Kyrgyz Republic

Popular perceptions that the provision of income transfers to poor households creates work disincentives prevail. Existing evidence is mixed and depends on the country, the type of transfer, and the population group analyzed. This paper empirically estimates potential work disincentives of a means-tested social transfer for adults with different household positions. Using data from the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey 2012, the analysis compares labor market outcomes for household heads and spouses using quasiexperimental methods to assess transfer effects on labor supply. Overall, beneficiaries have on average higher labor market participation rates, but results differ by household position and socioeconomic context. Household heads in beneficiary households are less likely to be economically active than similar nonbeneficiaries. Yet, spouses are more likely to be economically active. Moreover, outcomes depend on whether the household is located in the south or the north of the country

Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in alveolar soft-part sarcoma: results from a retrospective worldwide registry

BACKGROUNDConventional cytotoxic drugs are not effective in alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS). Immune checkpoint (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1) inhibitors (ICIs) are promising drugs in ASPS. A worldwide registry explored the efficacy of ICI in ASPS.MATERIALS AND METHODSData from adult patients diagnosed with ASPS and treated with ICI for advanced disease in expert sarcoma centers from Europe, Australia and North America were retrospectively collected, including demographics and data related to treatments and outcome.RESULTSSeventy-six ASPS patients, with a median age at diagnosis of 25 years (range 3-61 years), were registered. All patients received ICI for metastatic disease. Immunotherapy regimens consisted of monotherapy in 38 patients (50%) and combination in 38 (50%) (23 with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Among the 68 assessable patients, there were 3 complete responses and 34 partial responses, translating into an overall response rate of 54.4%. After a median follow-up of 36 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 32-40 months] since the start of immunotherapy, 45 (59%) patients have progressed on ICI, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 16.3 months (95% CI 8-25 months). Receiving ICI in first line (P = 0.042) and achieving an objective response (P = 0.043) correlated with a better PFS. Median estimated overall survival (OS) from ICI initiation has not been reached. The 12-month and 24-month OS rates were 94% and 81%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThis registry constitutes the largest available series of ASPS treated with ICI. Our results suggest that the ICI treatment provides long-lasting disease control and prolonged OS in patients with advanced ASPS, an ultra-rare entity with limited active therapeutic options

<學界展望>一九三〇年代中國農村經濟研究の一整理

<div><p>A number of studies from the 1960s to 1990s assessed the symbolic competence of great apes and other animals. These studies provided varying forms of evidence that some species were capable of symbolically representing their worlds, both through productive symbol use and comprehension of symbolic stimuli. One such project at the Language Research Center involved training chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) to use lexigram symbols (geometric visual stimuli that represented objects, actions, locations, and individuals). Those studies now are more than 40 years old, and only a few of the apes involved in those studies are still alive. Three of these chimpanzees (and a fourth, control chimpanzee) were assessed across a 10-year period from 1999 to 2008 for their continued knowledge of lexigram symbols and, in the case of one chimpanzee, the continued ability to comprehend human speech. This article describes that longitudinal assessment and outlines the degree to which symbol competence was retained by these chimpanzees across that decade-long period. All chimpanzees showed retention of lexigram vocabularies, although there were differences in the number of words that were retained across the individuals. One chimpanzee also showed continual retention of human speech perception. These retained vocabularies largely consisted of food item names, but also names of inedible objects, locations, individuals, and some actions. Many of these retained words were for things that are not common in the daily lives of the chimpanzees and for things that are rarely requested by the chimpanzees. Thus, the early experiences of these chimpanzees in symbol-rich environments have produced long-lasting memories for symbol meaning, and those competencies have benefited research in a variety of topics in comparative cognition.</p></div