Partially matched family donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

O transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas alogênico (TCTH alo) após um regime de condicionamento ablativo ou não mieloablativo é um tratamento potencialmente curativo para uma grande variedade de doenças malignas hematológicas e outras desordens não hematológicas. O doador HLA aparentado totalmente compatível continua contribuindo para as melhores taxas de sobrevida global e livre de progressão; contudo, apenas 25%-30% dos candidatos a TCTH alo apresentam um doador aparentado HLA (antígenos leucocitários humanos) compatível. A busca por doadores não aparentados cadastrados nos bancos de medula óssea nacional e internacional demanda tempo, que, a depender da situação clínica da doença do paciente e sua deterioração clínica, não permite a espera. Neste sentido, o transplante com doadores familiares parcialmente compatíveis tem se mostrado uma opção terapêutica. Este artigo revisa a literatura e demonstra a factibilidade desta opção.Myeloablative or non-myeloablative related allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a curative treatment in some oncologic and hematologic diseases. Unfortunately, only 25 to 30% of patients find a fully matched related donor. National and International donor programs are an option, however, much time is lost and patients can not wait because of their advance disease status or clinical deterioration. Partially matched family donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be an option. This article reviews the literature on this subject

Busulfan and melphalan as conditioning regimen for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission

Vinte e dois pacientes consecutivos portadores de leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) em primeira remissão completa (1ªRC) submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas autogênico (TCTH Auto) condicionados com bussulfano e melfalano (Bu/Mel) foram selecionados entre 1993 e 2006. A probabilidade de sobrevida global (SG) pelo método de Kaplan-Meier foi de 57,5% após 36 meses, com "plateau" aos 20 meses após o transplante. Fatores como sexo, classificação Franco-Americana-Britânica (FAB) da LMA, tratamento de indução, consolidação intensiva, remissão após o primeiro ciclo de indução e fonte de células não tiveram impacto na sobrevida. Pela análise citogenética, um paciente de mau prognóstico submetido ao procedimento, foi a óbito um ano após o transplante. Nove pacientes foram a óbito, oito por recidiva e um por hemorragia. Morte antes dos 100 dias ocorreu em dois pacientes, um por recidiva e outro por hemorragia decorrente da plaquetopenia refratária, relacionada ao procedimento. Concluímos que o regime de condicionamento Bu/Mel é opção válida ao uso de outros regimes de condicionamento, apresentando excelente taxa da sobrevida.Twenty-two consecutive patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission submitted to autologous hematopoietic stem cells transplantation conditioned with busulfan and melphalan were evaluated between 1993 and 2006. The overall survival, according to the Kaplan-Meier curve, was 57.5% at 36 months, with a "plateau" at 20 months after transplant. Factors such as gender, French-American-British (FAB) classification of acute myeloid leukemia, induction therapy, intensive consolidation, remission after the first cycle of induction and source of cells had no impact on survival. One patient with poor prognosis before the procedure died a year after transplantation. Nine patients died, eight by relapse and one because of bleeding. Death before 100 days occurred for two patients, one due to relapse and the other bleeding caused by refractory thrombocytopenia related to the procedure. In conclusion, the conditioning regiment with busulfan and melphalan is a valid option compared to the other conditioning regimens, with an excellent overall survival

Busulfan and melphalan as conditioning regimen for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with HLA-identical donors has been established for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia patients for over 30 years with a cure rate of 50% to 60%. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the overall survival of patients and identify factors that influence the outcomes of this type of transplant in patients in 1st complete remission who received a busulfan and melphalan combination as conditioning regimen. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients with acute myeloid leukemia were enrolled between 2003 and 2008. The median age was 34 years old (Range: 16 - 57 years). All patients received cyclosporine and methotrexate for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. Median neutrophil engraftment time was 16 days (Range: 7 - 22 days) and 17 days (Range: 7 - 46 days) for platelets. Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome was observed in three patients, seven had grade II acute graft-versus-host disease and one extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. RESULTS: The overall survival by the Kaplan-Meier method was 48% after 36 months with a plateau at 36 months after transplantation. Intensive consolidation with high-dose arabinoside resulted in an improved survival (p-value = 0.0001), as did grade II acute graft-versus-host disease (p-value = 0.0377) and mild chronic graft-versus-host disease (p-value < 0.0001). Thirteen patients died, five due to infection within 100 days of transplant, two due to hemorrhages, one to infection and graftversus-host disease and three relapses followed by renal failure (one) and infection (two). The cause of death could not be determined for two patients. CONCLUSION: The busulfan and melphalan conditioning regimen is as good as other conditioning regimens providing an excellent survival rate

Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation and acute myeloid leukemia: Brazilian guidelines

The objective of this work was to define guidelines for the indication of hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Brazil. The role of HSCT in the treatment of AML was discussed by the authors and presented to the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation in a meeting to formulate and ratify the Brazilian Guidelines on HSCT. This consensus was based on a review of international publications and on the Brazilian experience in HSCT for the treatment of AML. The optimal treatment for AML in first complete remission (1CR) has not been defined yet. There is consensus on the indication of allogeneic HSCT with myeloablative conditioning for patients who present high risk cytogenetic changes. Allogeneic HSCT is not indicated for low cytogenetic risk 1RC patients and, apparently, allogeneic and autologous HSCT and consolidation chemotherapy are similar for intermediate risk patients.O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir diretrizes para a indicação do transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) no tratamento da leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) no Brasil. O papel do TCTH no tratamento da LMA foi discutido pelosautores e apresentado para a Sociedade Brasileira de Transplante de Medula Óssea na reunião sobre Diretrizes Brasileiras para o TCTH, que o ratificou. Este consenso foi baseado na revisão da literatura internacional e na experiência brasileira em TCTH para o tratamento da LMA. O tratamento ideal para leucemia mieloide aguda em primeira remissão completa (1RC) ainda não está definido. Há consenso na indicação do TCTH alogênico, com condicionamento mieloablativo, para pacientes que apresentem alterações citogenéticas consideradas de alto risco. O TCTH alogênico não está indicado na 1RC para pacientes de baixo risco citogenético e, aparentemente, o TCTH alogênico, autólogo ou a quimioterapia de consolidação são equivalentes para os pacientes de risco intermediário.Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Serviço de Hematologia e Transplante de Medula ÓsseaUniversidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas Centro de Transplante de Medula ÓsseaHospital de Câncer de Barret HemonúcleoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Centro de Transplante de Medula ÓsseaAssociação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás Hospital Araújo Jorge Serviço de Transplante de Medula ÓsseaHospital Israelita Albert Einstein Programa de Hematologia e Transplante de Medula ÓsseaUNIFESP, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Centro de Transplante de Medula ÓsseaSciEL

Os autores registram caso de infecção cutânea em transplantado de medula óssea provocada por Phialemonium curvatum Gams et Cooke, 1983. O gênero Phialemonium foi criado em 1983 por Gams & McGinnis, com três novas espécies: Ph. obovatum, Ph. curvatum e Ph. dimorphosporum, sendo intermediário entre Acremonium e Phialophora. Atualmente este fungo é considerado como feóide, podendo provocar eventuais lesões de feo ou hialo-hifomicose. Espécies deste gênero vêm sendo descritas como agentes oportunistas em seres humanos e em outros animais, principalmente na vigência de imunossupressão. No caso que registramos, o paciente era portador de mieloma múltiplo, tendo recebido transplante halogênico sendo doador seu irmão, HLA-compatível. Dois meses após o transplante, lesões nodulares, arroxeadas e dolorosas surgiram no tornozelo direito. Algumas dessas lesões drenaram espontaneamente, com a demonstração de filamentos micelianos aparentemente hialinos, cultivando-se Ph. curvatum inicialmente identificado como Acremonium sp. Foi instituido tratamento com anfotericina B e, posteriormente, itraconazol. Debridamento cirúrgico das lesões foi instituido com dois enxertos cutâneos para fechamento da área cruenta. Profilaxia secundária com cetoconazol, mantida por mais de um mês e depois suspenso, sem recidiva do processo. Os autores fazem comentários sobre a patogenicidade do gênero Phialemonium.

We report a case of cutaneous infection caused by Phialemonium curvatum GAMS et COOKE, 1983, after bone marrow transplantation. The genus Phialemonium was created by GAMS & MCGINNIS in 1983 including three new species: Ph. obovatum, Ph. curvatum and Ph. dimorphosporum, and represents an intermediate genus between Acremonium and Phialophora. Nowadays, the genus Phialemonium is considered to be a pheoid fungus which may cause the eventual lesions observed in pheo- and hyalohyphomycosis. Species of this genus have been described as opportunistic agents in humans and animals, mainly as a result of immunosuppression. In the present case, the patient had multiple myeloma and received an allogenic bone marrow transplant from his HLA-compatible brother. Two months after transplantation, he developed purplish and painful nodular lesions on the right ankle. Some of these lesions drained spontaneously and apparently hyaline mycelial filaments were observed, whose culture was initially identified as Acremonium sp. Subsequent studies showed that the fungus was Phialemonium curvatum. The infection was treated with amphotericin B, followed by ketoconazole. The patient was submitted to surgical debridement followed by two skin grafts to repair the bloody area. The duration of the treatment was 4 months and secondary prophylaxis with ketoconazole alone was maintained for one additional month. No recurrence was observed after discontinuation of treatment. The authors comment on the pathogenicity of the genus Phialemonium

Oral health as a predictive factor for oral mucositis

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucositis is a complication frequently associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, decreasing a patient's quality of life and increasing the occurrence of opportunistic infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of oral mucositis and to assess the correlation of this disease with the oral health of an individual at the time of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Before transplantation, patients' oral health and inflammatory conditions were determined using the gingival index and the plaque index, which are based on gingival bleeding and the presence of dental plaque, respectively. Additionally, the dental health status was determined using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. The monitoring of oral mucositis was based on the World Health Organization grading system and was performed for five periods: from Day 0 to D+5, from D+6 to D+10, from D+11 to D+15, from D+16 to D+20, and from D+21 to D+30. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients (56% male and 44% female) who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo between January 2008 and July 2009 were prospectively examined. The incidence of ulcerative mucositis was highest from days +6 to +10 and from days +11 to +15 in the patients who underwent autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data, including the dental plaque and periodontal status data, showed that these oral health factors were predictive of the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in a cohort of patients with similar conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Validation Of The Ebmt Risk Score In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia In Brazil And Allogeneic Transplant Outcome.

The management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has changed radically since the introduction of imatinib therapy. The decision of whether to offer a patient a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) must be based on the probability of success of the procedure. The aim of this retrospective analysis of 1,084 CML patients who received an allogeneic HSCT in 10 Brazilian Centers between February 1983 and March 2003 was to validate the EBMT risk score. The study population comprised 647 (60%) males and 437 (40%) females, with a median age of 32 years old (range 1 - 59); 898 (83%) were in chronic phase, 146 (13%) were in accelerated phase and 40 (4%) were in blast crisis; 151 (14%) were younger than 20 years old, 620 (57%) were between 20 and 40 and 313 (29%) were older than 40; 1,025 (94%) received an HLA fully matched sibling transplant and only 59 (6%) received an unrelated transplant. In 283 cases (26%) a male recipient received a graft from a female donor. The interval from diagnosis to transplantation was less than 12 months in 223 (21%) cases and greater in 861 (79%). The overall survival, disease-free survival, transplant-related mortality and relapse incidence were 49%, 50%, 45% and 25%, respectively. Of the 1084 patients, 179 (17%) had a risk score of 0 or 1, 397 (37%) had a score of 2, 345 (32%) had a score of 3, 135 (12%) had a score of 4 and 28 (2%) a score of 5 or 6. The overall survival (OS) rate in patients with risk scores 0-1 and 2 was similar (58% and 55%, respectively) but significantly better than that in patients with scores 3 or more (score 3 - 44%, 4 - 36 % and 5-6 - 27%, respectively) pp<0.001). Disease-free survival (DFS) and transplant related mortality (TRM) in a patients with a score of 3 or more were 46% and 49%, respectively and the relapse rate beyond score 5-6 was 77%. Disease status had a negative impact on all outcomes (OS, DFS, TRM, and relapse). The OS rate for male recipients of a graft from a female donor was 40% compared to 52% among the other donor-recipient pairs (p=0.004). DFS and TRM were significant for disease phase and female donor-male recipient (p<0.001 and p<0.003, respectively). In our experience, age and interval between diagnosis and transplant did influence OS, DFS, TRM, and relapse rate. Our results validate the EBMT risk score in the context of a developing country and confirm its usefulness for making point decisions in the imatinib era.90232-

Transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas e leucemia mieloide aguda: diretrizes brasileiras Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation and acute myeloid leukemia: Brazilian guidelines

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir diretrizes para a indicação do transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH) no tratamento da leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) no Brasil. O papel do TCTH no tratamento da LMA foi discutido pelosautores e apresentado para a Sociedade Brasileira de Transplante de Medula Óssea na reunião sobre Diretrizes Brasileiras para o TCTH, que o ratificou. Este consenso foi baseado na revisão da literatura internacional e na experiência brasileira em TCTH para o tratamento da LMA. O tratamento ideal para leucemia mieloide aguda em primeira remissão completa (1RC) ainda não está definido. Há consenso na indicação do TCTH alogênico, com condicionamento mieloablativo, para pacientes que apresentem alterações citogenéticas consideradas de alto risco. O TCTH alogênico não está indicado na 1RC para pacientes de baixo risco citogenético e, aparentemente, o TCTH alogênico, autólogo ou a quimioterapia de consolidação são equivalentes para os pacientes de risco intermediário.<br>The objective of this work was to define guidelines for the indication of hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Brazil. The role of HSCT in the treatment of AML was discussed by the authors and presented to the Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation in a meeting to formulate and ratify the Brazilian Guidelines on HSCT. This consensus was based on a review of international publications and on the Brazilian experience in HSCT for the treatment of AML. The optimal treatment for AML in first complete remission (1CR) has not been defined yet. There is consensus on the indication of allogeneic HSCT with myeloablative conditioning for patients who present high risk cytogenetic changes. Allogeneic HSCT is not indicated for low cytogenetic risk 1RC patients and, apparently, allogeneic and autologous HSCT and consolidation chemotherapy are similar for intermediate risk patients

Factors affecting hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization: An analysis of 307 patients

We reviewed the data of 307 patients treated with autologous bone marrow transplantation with the aim to identify factors associated with poor hematopoietic stern cell (HSC) mobilization after administration of cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Success in mobilization was defined when >= 2.0 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg weight could be collected with <= 3 leukapheresis procedures. Success was observed in 260 patients (84.7%) and nonsuccess in 47 patients (15.3%). According to the stepwise regression model: diagnosis, chemotherapy load, treatment with mitoxantrone and platelet count before mobilization were found to be independent predictive factors for HSC mobilization. These results could help in the previous recognition of patients at risk for non response to mobilization and allow to plan an alternative protocol for this group of patients. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved