Wheat Tailings in Feedlot Finishing Diets

One hundred twenty-eight yearling steers (average initial weight 854 Ib) were fed one of four finishing diets containing (dry matter basis) either 1) 83% high moisture corn, 2) 44% high moisture corn and 37% high moisture wheat tailings, 3) 82% high moisture wheat tailings, or 4) 42% high moisture corn and 40% dry wheat tailings. Wheat tailings consisted of small wheat kernels removed during cleaning that had low test weights (41.5 to 52.0 Iblbushel) and high vomitoxin levels (1 7 to 42 ppm). High moisture wheat tailings were coursely cracked, reconstituted to 29% moisture, and ensiled. Dry wheat tailings were cracked only. Average daily gain declined up to 25% (P\u3c.01) with increasing levels of high moisture wheat tailings as a result of a linear decline in dry matter intake (P \u3c .05). Feed efficiency tended to worsen (P\u3c .14). However, calculated net energy values for high moisture wheat tailings were similar to that of corn. Dry wheat tailings, on the other hand, resulted in similar intake (P\u3e .20) but 1 5% lower average daily gain (P\u3c .01) than high moisture wheat tailings fed at a comparable level and net energy values were approximately 75% of corn. Wheat tailings, regardless of form or level, decreased quality grade (P \u3c .05) but did not affect dressing percent, yield grade, or liver abscesses (P\u3e .20)

Effect of a Yeast Culture Product (Yea-Sacc) on Feedlot Performance of Growing Calves Limit-Fed a High Concentrate Diet

Eighty weaned steer calves (initial weight 535 Ib) were blocked by weight, allotted within block to 8 pens and limit-fed a high concentrate diet without (CONT) or with Yea-Sacc (YS; 13 g per day). The diet consisted of 69% whole, high moisture corn, 20% ground alfalfa hay, 2% molasses, and 9% supplement (dry matter basis). The diet was fed once daily for an average of 99 days in amounts calculated to result in CONT calf daily gain of 2.25 Ib. As intended, dry matter intakes of calves on the two treatments were identical (13.3 Ib/day). Daily gains averaged 2.40 and 2.32 Ib (P\u3e.20) and feed efficiency 5.55 and 5.73 (P\u3e.20) for CONT and YS, respectively. YS did not improve gain or feed efficiency of growing calves limit-fed a high concentrate diet

Ground vs. Unground Ammoniated Oat Hulls for Growing Calves

One hundred forty-four steer calves were fed growing diets that contained either 1) 50% ground alfalfa hay (ALF), 2) 25% ground alfalfa hay and 25% ground, ammoniated oat hulls (ALF/GOH), 3) 50% ground, ammoniated oat hulls (GOH) or 4) 50% unground, ammoniated oat hulls (UGOH). Oat hulls were treated with ammonia at 3.3% by weight and enough water to raise the moisture content to approximately 20%. They were allowed to react for 32 days prior to feeding. Daily gains were greater for calves consuming the ammoniated oat hull diets, regardless of form (P\u3c.10). Daily gain differences occurred in spite of the fact that dry matter intake was lower for GOH-fed calves than for the others (P\u3c.10). As a result, feed efficiency was better for the GOH diet than ALF and ALFIGOH (P\u3c.10) but did not differ from UGOH (P\u3e.10). Ammoniated oat hulls, whether ground or unground, are a viable substitute for more conventional roughages in feedlot growing diets

Environmental Effects on Growing Swine Performance

The effects of environmental conditions on performance of growing pigs (30-50 kg) were studied over a four-week period. Pigs were exposed to natural occurring diurnal temperatures and a constant 32°C ambient temperature during normally hot weather conditions and constant 21 and 10°C ambient temperature conditions during cold weather. For each temperature treatment pigs were divided into single, 9 and 18 head per pen groups. The constant 32°C ambient temperature had a significant (P\u3c0.05) effect on average daily gain and feed intake. Average daily gains were reduced from 0.72 to 0.64 kg/d and average daily feed intake was reduced from 1.53kg/d to 1.36 kg/d when comparing pig performance from the naturally occurring diurnal to constant 32°C temperature treatments. The 10°C cold weather treatment had no significant {P\u3e0.05) effects on overall pig performance. Pigs from the 10°C treatment gained at a rate of 0. 72 vs 0.74 kg/d for pigs in the 21°C treatment. Average daily feed intake was 1.61 kg/d for pigs at 10°C versus 1.64 kg/d for pigs at 21°C. The 9 and 18 pigs per pen group size had no significant effect on pig performance in any of the temperature treatments. Pen microenvironments varied considerably with each temperature treatment. Pig and floor surface temperatures were significantly affected by temperature and group size. During the cold weather tests the pigs housed in the single pigpens had significantly (P\u3c0.0001) lower surface temperatures than the pigs from the 9 and 18 pigs per pen group. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of maintained warm or cold temperatures and group size on growing swine and characterize the pen environment for each condition

Experimental study on the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of a water-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanofluid in a confined space

Experimental investigation of nucleate boiling heat transfer of a water-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanofluid in a confined space is presented in this study. First, the effects of four different surfactants on the stability of the nanofluids were investigated and the suitable surfactant gum acacia (GA) was selected for the boiling experiments. Then, the boiling experiments of the nanofluids with various volume fractions (0.005–0.2%) of the MWCNTs were conducted at a sub-atmospheric pressure of 1 × 10−3 Pa and the test heat fluxes are from 100 to 740 kW/m2. Furthermore, GA with four different mass fractions was respectively dissolved in the nanofluids to investigate the effect of the GA concentration on the boiling heat transfer. The effects of the heat flux, the concentrations of the MWCNTs and surfactants, the bubble behaviors and the surface conditions after the boiling processes have been analyzed. The results show that the MWCNTs nanofluid can enhance boiling heat transfer as compared to the base fluid. This is mainly caused by the nanoparticles deposition on the boiling surface result in increasing the surface roughness and reducing surface contact angle. It is also found that addition of GA can inhibit the deposition of the nanoparticles but may reduce the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids. According to the experimental results, the maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio can reach 40.53%. It is also noticed that the heat transfer enhancement ratio decreases with increasing the heat flux at lower heat fluxes from 100 to 340 kW/m2 while it increases with increasing the heat flux at higher fluxes from 340 to 740 kW/m2. At the lower heat fluxes, the deposition layer increases the frequency of bubble formation and thus the boiling heat transfer is strengthened. While at the high heat fluxes, the increasing heat flux may strengthen the capability of the nanoparticles deposition and the disturbance of the nanoparticles and increase the enhancement ratio of heat transfer coefficient

Evaluation of Mixing Characteristics of Diets Containing Modified Distillers Grains

Six mixes of feed were manufactured and analyzed to determine how sequence of ingredient addition into a feed mixer influences mixing characteristics when modified distillers grains (mDG) was used as a feed ingredient. Five mixes were manufactured using a 3-bar rotor mixer and one mix was manufactured using a staggered-rotor mixer. There were three diet types evaluated: 1) high-forage receiving diet; 2) high-grain finishing diet with ground grass hay (GH) as the roughage source; and 3) high-grain finishing diet with silage as the roughage source. Five samples were collected from each mix and were analyzed for particle size and nutrient composition to determine within load coefficient of variation (CV). Based on these data mDG should be added before GH. The within load CV for particle size, CP, ADF, and sulfur were lower for a diet containing silage and mixed in a staggered-rotor mixer compared with a diet containing GH mixed in a 3-bar rotor mixer

Evaluation of Feeding Wet Distillers Grains with Solubles, Dry Distillers Grans with Solubles and Blood Meal to Growing Steers

A two-year study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding different protein sources on the performance of feeder cattle. During year 1 (Y1), 128 steers (506 ± 40 lb) were weighed and randomly allocated to 16 pens in a completely randomized design. Each pen was assigned to one of four treatment diets: 1) 20% soybean meal and corn (SBM); 2) 20% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS); 3) 20% wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS); or 4) 20% blood meal, oil and corn (BM). In Y1, steers were fed a diet that consisted of 74% alfalfa/grass hay, 4% molasses and 2% supplement for the first 28 d and a diet that consisted of 50% alfalfa/grass hay, cracked corn, 4% molasses and 2% supplement for the remaining 56 d. During year 2 (Y2), 160 steers (535 ± 40 lb) were weighed and randomly allotted to 16 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the four treatment diets used in Y1. The steers received the 50% alfalfa/grass hay based grower diet throughout the entire 57-d trial. Body weight was recorded prior to feeding at the start of the trial and every 28 d for both years. In Y1, ADG, DMI and G:F did not differ due to diet for the first 28 d and over the entire trial period. During the first 28 d of Y2, ADG, DMI and G:F was not affected by treatment; however, cumulative G:F of steers fed BM and WDGS were greater (P \u3c 0.05) than steers fed SBM or DDGS. In conclusion, feeding BM and WDGS during the growing phase resulted in the most efficient gains when steers were started on a higher energy diet. In addition, distillers grains with solubles was an effective alternative to soybean meal in growing diets