Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.publishedVersio

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.publishedVersio

Religionskunskapsämnets relevans i ett sekulariserat samhälle / The relevance of Religion Education in a secular society

Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att först och främst ta reda på om dagens elever verkligen är sekulariserade. Oberoende om svaret är ja eller nej vill vi ta reda på hur detta påverkar religionsundervisningen. Dessutom vill vi ta reda på hur vi, som blivande ämneslärare i religionskunskap, kan göra religionsundervisningen så vardagsanpassad som möjligt? För att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi först sammanställt tidigare forskning för att ge en överblick kring var den pågående forskningen står om ämnet. Den tidigare forskningen behandlar den pågående diskussionen kring om Sverige, och övriga Europa är sekulariserat eller inte. Dessutom har vi definierat olika begrepp relevanta för vår undersökning. Styrdokumenten har även beskrivits för att ge en överblick kring den förändring den har genomgått i önskan om att göra den så vardagsaktuell som möjligt. Slutligen har vi beskrivit olika pedagogiska redskap för vilka har en viktig del i religionsundervisningen.Vår egen undersökning har genomförts med såväl lärare som elever i årskurs 8-9 för att få reda på om sekulariseringen råder i deras skola samt vad både lärare och elever anser om ämnet religionskunskap. Svaren har vi analyserat i relation till tidigare forskning för att slutligen komma fram till ett resultat. Resultatet visar att sekulariseringen råder främst på skolor som inte har någon mångkultur i relation till etnicitet och tro. Men oberoende på om sekulariseringen är stark eller inte tycker eleverna överlag att religionsundervisningen är något positivt som de beskriver som ett spännande och roligt ämne. Slutligen kommer vi fram till att lärarna många gånger saknar redskapen för att vardagsanpassa undervisningen till eleverna. Detta framkommer även av eleverna som överlag svarat att de anser att religionsundervisningen inte relaterar till deras liv

Expression of HSF2 decreases in mitosis to enable stress-inducible transcription and cell survival

Unless mitigated, external and physiological stresses are detrimental for cells, especially in mitosis, resulting in chromosomal missegregation, aneuploidy, or apoptosis. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) maintain protein homeostasis and promote cell survival. Hsps are transcriptionally regulated by heat shock factors (HSFs). Of these, HSF1 is the master regulator and HSF2 modulates Hsp expression by interacting with HSF1. Due to global inhibition of transcription in mitosis, including HSF1-mediated expression of Hsps, mitotic cells are highly vulnerable to stress. Here, we show that cells can counteract transcriptional silencing and protect themselves against proteotoxicity in mitosis. We found that the condensed chromatin of HSF2-deficient cells is accessible for HSF1 and RNA polymerase II, allowing stress-inducible Hsp expression. Consequently, HSF2-deficient cells exposed to acute stress display diminished mitotic errors and have a survival advantage. We also show that HSF2 expression declines during mitosis in several but not all human cell lines, which corresponds to the Hsp70 induction and protection against stress-induced mitotic abnormalities and apoptosis

Expression of HSF2 decreases in mitosis to enable stress-inducible transcription and cell survival

Unless mitigated, external and physiological stresses are detrimental for cells, especially in mitosis, resulting in chromosomal missegregation, aneuploidy, or apoptosis. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) maintain protein homeostasis and promote cell survival. Hsps are transcriptionally regulated by heat shock factors (HSFs). Of these, HSF1 is the master regulator and HSF2 modulates Hsp expression by interacting with HSF1. Due to global inhibition of transcription in mitosis, including HSF1-mediated expression of Hsps, mitotic cells are highly vulnerable to stress. Here, we show that cells can counteract transcriptional silencing and protect themselves against proteotoxicity in mitosis. We found that the condensed chromatin of HSF2-deficient cells is accessible for HSF1 and RNA polymerase II, allowing stress-inducible Hsp expression. Consequently, HSF2-deficient cells exposed to acute stress display diminished mitotic errors and have a survival advantage. We also show that HSF2 expression declines during mitosis in several but not all human cell lines, which corresponds to the Hsp70 induction and protection against stress-induced mitotic abnormalities and apoptosis