105 research outputs found
The too-much-talent effect: Team interdependence determines when more talent is too much or not enough
The materials for Studies 1a and 1b have also been made publicly available via Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/y4c82</p
Sub-surface Oxygen and Surface Oxide Formation at Ag(111): A Density-functional Theory Investigation
To help provide insight into the remarkable catalytic behavior of the
oxygen/silver system for heterogeneous oxidation reactions, purely sub-surface
oxygen, and structures involving both on-surface and sub-surface oxygen, as
well as oxide-like structures at the Ag(111) surface have been studied for a
wide range of coverages and adsorption sites using density-functional theory.
Adsorption on the surface in fcc sites is energetically favorable for low
coverages, while for higher coverage a thin surface-oxide structure is
energetically favorable. This structure has been proposed to correspond to the
experimentally observed (4x4) phase. With increasing O concentrations, thicker
oxide-like structures resembling compressed Ag2O(111) surfaces are
energetically favored. Due to the relatively low thermal stability of these
structures, and the very low sticking probability of O2 at Ag(111), their
formation and observation may require the use of atomic oxygen (or ozone, O3)
and low temperatures. We also investigate diffusion of O into the sub-surface
region at low coverage (0.11 ML), and the effect of surface Ag vacancies in the
adsorption of atomic oxygen and ozone-like species. The present studies,
together with our earlier investigations of on-surface and
surface-substitutional adsorption, provide a comprehensive picture of the
behavior and chemical nature of the interaction of oxygen and Ag(111), as well
as of the initial stages of oxide formation.Comment: 17 pages including 14 figures, Related publications can be found at
http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm
Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio Has a Non-Monotonic Impact on Altruism
Gene-culture co-evolution emphasizes the joint role of culture and genes for the emergence of altruistic and cooperative behaviors and behavioral genetics provides estimates of their relative importance. However, these approaches cannot assess which biological traits determine altruism or how. We analyze the association between altruism in adults and the exposure to prenatal sex hormones, using the second-to-fourth digit ratio. We find an inverted U-shaped relation for left and right hands, which is very consistent for men and less systematic for women. Subjects with both high and low digit ratios give less than individuals with intermediate digit ratios. We repeat the exercise with the same subjects seven months later and find a similar association, even though subjects' behavior differs the second time they play the game. We then construct proxies of the median digit ratio in the population (using more than 1000 different subjects), show that subjects' altruism decreases with the distance of their ratio to these proxies. These results provide direct evidence that prenatal events contribute to the variation of altruistic behavior and that the exposure to fetal hormones is one of the relevant biological factors. In addition, the findings suggest that there might be an optimal level of exposure to these hormones from social perspective.Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2010{17049; ECO2009-09120), the Government of Andalusia Project for Excellence in Research (P07.SEJ.02547), the Government of the Basque Country (IT-223â07) and Fundacion Ramon Areces (I+D-2011)is gratefully acknowledged
Safer Sex as the Bolder Choice: Testosterone Is Positively Correlated with Safer Sex Behaviorally Relevant Attitudes in Young Men
Introduction.â Higher testosterone (T) is tied to riskâtaking, especially in financial domains but also in health domains relevant to acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, safer sex constructs could themselves carry the possibility of âsocial riskâ due to sexual stigma or embarrassment, or could involve boldness or confidence because they could represent status displays of frequent sexual activity. Aim.â To determine how T and behaviorally relevant attitudes about sexual riskâtaking are linked, to better understand biopsychosocial aspects of sexual health related to STIs. Methods.â In 78 firstâyear male college students, we examined correlations between salivary T and behaviorally relevant safer sex attitudes assessed via questionnaires. Main Outcome Measures.â T, via saliva; safer sex attitudes, via a composite and the University of California, Los Angeles Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS). Results.â Higher T was significantly correlated with higher scores on the following: safer sex likelihood composite, r (73)â=â0.33, P â=â0.003; the MCAS safer sex resilience, r (32)â=â0.36, P â=â0.037; and the MCAS condom purchase comfort, r (32)â=â0.37, P â=â0.031. Associations between T and safer sex likelihood and resilience were still robust after controlling for potential confounds, though the association between T and purchase comfort diminished to a trend. Conclusions.â Higher T was positively linked with safer sex attitudes, especially those most closely tied to STI risk avoidance. Thus, future research and interventions for STI prevention should address the possibility that safer sex may be paradoxically perceived as a âboldâ or âriskyâ choice even as it decreases STI risk. van Anders SM, Goldey KL, Conley TD, Snipes DJ, and Patel DA. Safer sex as the bolder choice: Testosterone is positively correlated with safer sex behaviorally relevant attitudes in young men. J Sex Med 2012;9:727â734.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90413/1/j.1743-6109.2011.02544.x.pd
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