Alcohol and Drug Use During Sexual Activity and Compliance with Safe Sex Guidelines for AIDS: The AIDS Behavioral Research Project

This article describes the association between drug and alcohol use during sexual activity and high-risk sex for AIDS. Data to test this association are drawn from a pros pective study of the behavioral changes made by gay men in San Francisco in response to the AIDS epidemic. Findings drawn from the May, 1984 and May 1985 waves of data collection are described. The cross-sectional analysis showed that use of particular drugs during sex, the number of drugs used during such activity, and the frequency of combining drugs and sex are all positively associated with risky sexual activity for AIDS. The retrospective data showed that men who currently abstained from com bining drug use with sexual activity were likely to have been at no risk for AIDS over two measurement points during the previous year. The men who currently combined drug use with sex were most likely to have a history of high-risk sexual activity over the previous year. These findings show a strong relationship between drug and alcohol use during sex and non-compliance with safe sex techniques to prevent the spread of AIDS. Implications of this relationship for AIDS health education efforts are dis cussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67966/2/10.1177_109019818601300407.pd

Evidence of Syndemics and Sexuality-Related Discrimination Among Young Sexual-Minority Women

Purpose: Syndemics, or the co-occurrence and interaction of health problems, have been examined extensively among young men who have sex with men, but their existence remain unexamined, to our knowledge, among sexual-minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) women. Thus, we investigated if syndemics were present among young sexual-minority women, and if sexual-orientation discrimination was an independent variable of syndemic production. Methods: A total of 467 sexual-minority women between the ages of 18 and 24 completed a cross-sectional online survey regarding their substance use, mental health, sexual behaviors, height, weight, and experiences of discrimination. We used structural equation modeling to investigate the presence of syndemics and their relationship to sexual-orientation discrimination. Results: Heavy episodic drinking, marijuana use, ecstasy use, hallucinogen use, depressive symptoms, multiple sexual partners, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) comprised syndemics in this population (chi-square=24.989, P=.201; comparative fit index [CFI]=0.946; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.023). Sexual-orientation discrimination is significantly and positively associated with the latent syndemic variable (unstandardized coefficient=0.095, P.05). Conclusions: Syndemics appear to be present and associated with sexual-orientation discrimination among young sexual-minority women. Interventions aimed at reducing discrimination or increasing healthy coping may help reduce substance use, depressive symptoms, and sexual risk behaviors in this population.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140158/1/lgbt.2014.0063.pd

HIV Risk among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (MSMW): Findings from South Florida

Compared with men who have sex with men only (MSMO), men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) consistently report higher rates of two HIV risk behaviors: transactional sex (TS) and concurrent substance use and sex (CSS). Within MSMW, little is known about how synergistic epidemics ( syndemics ) affect TS and CSS. Using a sample of substance-using MSM (n = 515) in South Florida, we compared TS and CSS among MSMO and MSMW; examined whether, within MSMW (n = 86), TS and CSS predict unprotected anal intercourse with partners of serodiscordant/unknown HIV status (SU-UAI); and tested whether syndemics predict TS and CSS. MSMW reported higher rates of engaging in both TS and CSS (AOR = 1.7; 95 % CI 1.0-3.0). Within MSMW, engagement in both TS and CSS predicted SU-UAI (AOR = 3.3; 95 % CI 1.2-9.6); and syndemics predicted TS and CSS involvement (p \u3c 0.01). Substance-using MSMW may benefit from interventions targeting TS, CSS, and background syndemics

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HIV infection and sexual risk among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: To estimate the number of men who have sex with men and women who are HIV-positive in the United States, and to compare HIV prevalence rates between men who have sex with men and women, men who have sex with men only, and men who have sex with women exclusively. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of reports referencing HIV prevalence and men who have sex with men and women. We searched PubMed and Ovid PsycINFO for peer-reviewed, U.S.-based articles reporting on HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men and women. We conducted event rate, effect size, moderation and sensitivity analyses. Results: We estimate that 1.0% of U.S. males are bisexually-behaving, and that 121,800 bisexually-behaving men are HIV-positive. Men who have sex with men and women are less than half as likely to be HIV-positive as men who have sex with men only (16.9% vs. 33.3%; OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.54), but more than five times as likely to be HIV-positive as men who have sex with women exclusively (18.3% vs. 3.5%; OR = 5.71, 95% CI: 3.47, 9.39). They are less likely to engage in unprotected receptive anal intercourse than men who have sex with men only (15.9% vs. 35.0%; OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.46). Men who have sex with men and women in samples with high racial/ethnic minority proportions had significantly higher HIV prevalence than their counterparts in low racial/ethnic minority samples. Conclusions: This represents the first meta-analysis of HIV prevalence in the U.S. between men who have sex with men and women and men who have sex with men only. Data collection, research, and HIV prevention and care delivery specifically tailored to men who have sex with men and women are necessary to better quantify and ameliorate this population's HIV burden. © 2014 Friedman et al

Changes in sexual behavior of homosexual and bisexual men since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic

This report discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the ways to prevent those not infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from becoming infected with it

Psychosocial aspects of HIV infection among women in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk perception among HIV-positive women before getting a positive test result. METHODS: An exploratory study using in-depth interviews was conducted among 26 women who attended the outpatient clinic of a regional health center in Maringá, Brazil. The sample was drawn according to the women's availability. The interviews were carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions on social-demographics, knowledge of primary and secondary prevention, risk perception before getting the test results, and impact of the diagnosis on their lives and sexual activity. Data was assessed using content analysis. RESULTS: Though the participants were aware that anyone could get infected, none of them believed they could actually be infected. Psychological mechanisms such as denial, avoidance, thought omnipotence, and projection are encouraged by practices and gender-dominant relationships in the Brazilian culture, which increases women's vulnerability to HIV infection. They feel helpless and many have unprotected sex with their partners, and are prone to unwanted pregnancies and re-infection. CONCLUSION: HIV prevention programs should take into account psychological, social, economical and cultural aspects that impact on women's vulnerability before and after being infected. For a wider outreach of actions, programs cannot to be restricted to massive information diffusion and need to apply psychoeducational strategies to small groups of women not only to increase their medical knowledge but also to enhance their awareness.OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção do risco de infecção em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV, antes de elas receberem o resultado positivo para essa patologia. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com entrevistas em profundidade em amostra de conveniência constituída de 26 mulheres que freqüentavam o ambulatório de um centro regional de saúde em Maringá, PR. A entrevista foi semidirigida com um roteiro de perguntas fechadas e abertas sobre características sociodemográficos, conhecimento sobre prevenção primária e secundária, percepção de risco antes do teste positivo para HIV, impacto do resultado em suas vidas -- inclusive a sexual -- depois de saberem ser portadoras do vírus. Os resultados foram analisados pela metodologia de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Apesar de ter consciência de que essa doença pode atingir qualquer um, nenhuma das 26 mulheres estudadas acreditava estar infectada pelo HIV/Aids. Os mecanismos psicológicos, "negação", "evitação", "onipotência do pensamento" e "projeção" foram os que puderam ser identificados como aqueles que as mulheres mais utilizaram para lidar com as dificuldades e as ansiedades decorrentes da percepção de risco e das normas e relações de gêneros hegemônicas presentes na cultura brasileira. Verificou-se que, se o uso desses mecanismos alivia a angústia, por outro lado aumenta a vulnerabilidade das mulheres. Elas se sentem incapazes de atuar, e muitas mantêm relações sexuais desprotegidas com os parceiros, expondo-se à gravidez indesejada e à reinfecção. CONCLUSÕES: Os programas de prevenção do HIV devem considerar também aspectos psicológicos, socioeconômicos e culturais que interferem na vulnerabilidade das mulheres, antes e depois da infecção. Para haver maior alcance de suas ações, os programas devem ir além da distribuição massiva de informações e usar abordagens psicoeducativas em pequenos grupos que estimulem a conscientização das mulheres para além das informações biomédicas

Greater Risk for HIV Infection of Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Critical Literature Review

HIV rates are disproportionately higher for Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for other MSM. We reviewed the literature to examine 12 hypotheses that might explain this disparity. We found that high rates of HIV infection for Black MSM were partly attributable to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases that facilitate HIV transmission and to undetected or late diagnosis of HIV infection; they were not attributable to a higher frequency of risky sexual behavior, nongay identity, or sexual nondisclosure, or to reported use of alcohol or illicit substances. Evidence was insufficient to evaluate the remaining hypotheses. Future studies must address these hypotheses to provide additional explanations for the greater prevalence of HIV infection among Black MSM