DUE DILIGENCE AND DECENT WORK. SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LABOUR LEGISLATION IN VALUE CHAINS

In recent decades, the agricultural world has changed, in this new context, international food companies are organized around a global production network. One of the main factors for the introduction of a more decentralized and flexible food and agricultural system was the wage gap between actors from the Global North and the Global South. This study analyzes the effectiveness of the action of control mechanisms in relation to the protection of workers' rights in multinational companies in Spain with special reference to the value chain of the agricultural sector. In particular, the working conditions of workers in food companies will be analyzed, analyzing the inequalities between the different groups of workers, paying special attention to immigrants and women, thus analyzing possible differences, contractual irregularities and salary gaps. Therefore, the article invites us to reflect on the need to implement new control mechanisms and regulatory instruments that intervene to correct the distortions in the agricultural labor market and the imbalances in the working conditions of these groups with the aim of contributing to a transformation of agricultural work through social strategies

El metaverso como forma de trabajo. Riesgos, y oportunidades. : Una mirada al derecho internacional

This paper analyzes the legal aspects that we will find from now on in the labor framework with the arrival of new forms of work in the digital age and specifically with the arrival of the metaverse. Hand in hand with the evolution of the labor relations system, the concern of the legislator arises to respond to the new reality and it is with the arrival of all these novelties that a multitude of legal issues also arise, such as: the place from which the services are provided, the type of employment contract, the application of legislation regarding the prevention of occupational hazards, the emergence of new gaps or the role of punitive labor law, among others.El presente artículo analiza los aspectos jurídicos que encontraremos a partir de ahora en el marco laboral con la llegada de las nuevas formas de trabajo en la era digital y en concreto con la llegada del metaverso. De la mano de la evolución del sistema de relaciones laborales surge la preocupación del legislador por dar respuesta a la nueva realidad y es con la llegada de todas estas novedades que surgen también multitud de cuestiones legales a tener en cuenta como pueden ser: el lugar desde el que se prestan los servicios, la modalidad del contrato de trabajo, la aplicación de la legislación referente a la prevención de riesgos laborales, el surgimiento de nuevas brechas o el papel del derecho laboral sancionador entre otros

La relectura institucional del trabajo autónomo. Un estudio de sus manifestaciones normativas

[ES]El Estatuto del Trabajador Autónomo nació ante una realidad más que evidente: el vertiginoso crecimiento del colectivo de los autónomos y, por el contrario, la dispersión normativa en la regulación de su régimen, así he considerado de interés realizar un estudio sobre este colectivo, centrándome en la novedosa figura del trabajador autónomo económicamente dependient

RAMADAN PRECEPTS AND COMPLIANCE WITH LABOR RISK PREVENTION. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The precepts followed by Muslim people during the Ramadan season, mainly fasting and abstinence from liquids, as well as changing time habits, can increase occupational risk situations. There is a social perception that can lead to mystify the seriousness of these situations and, therefore, lead to situations of discrimination. This work aims to contribute modestly to the demystification of this incidence in risk prevention, examining the scientific literature and studies on occupational accidents. Additionally, a series of recommendations are made to enable the compatibility of religious practice and safe working during the month of Ramadan regarding occupational health and safety of workers

RAMADAN PRECEPTS AND COMPLIANCE WITH LABOR RISK PREVENTION. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The precepts followed by Muslim people during the Ramadan season, mainly fasting and abstinence from liquids, as well as changing time habits, can increase occupational risk situations. There is a social perception that can lead to mystify the seriousness of these situations and, therefore, lead to situations of discrimination. This work aims to contribute modestly to the demystification of this incidence in risk prevention, examining the scientific literature and studies on occupational accidents. Additionally, a series of recommendations are made to enable the compatibility of religious practice and safe working during the month of Ramadan regarding occupational health and safety of workers.Os preceitos seguidos pelos muçulmanos durante o período do Ramadã, principalmente o jejum e a abstinência de líquidos, bem como a mudança de hábitos horários, podem aumentar as situações de risco ocupacional. Existe uma percepção social que pode levar a mistificar a gravidade destas situações e, consequentemente, conduzir a situações de discriminação. Este trabalho pretende contribuir modestamente para a desmistificação desta incidência na prevenção de riscos, examinando a literatura científica e estudos sobre acidentes de trabalho. Além disso, uma série de recomendações são feitas para permitir a compatibilidade da prática religiosa e trabalho seguro durante o mês do Ramadã em relação à saúde ocupacional e segurança dos trabalhadores

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

LA BRECHA DIGITAL Y SU IMPACTO EN NUESTRO SISTEMA DE RELACIONES LABORALES

This article addresses the new learning methods aimed at developing new skills needed in today's society and the possible tools to be used for this purpose in the current context in which digital transformation takes center stage by analyzing the risk of current inequality as a consequence of the digital gap. Covid-19 has radically affected all aspects of human life around the world and this has also had an impact on the field of education. To the change that we have been witnessing in the last  years due to the new needs of the environment, society and market, the current pandemic situation has been added. Teachers are now in front of an scenario in which the quality of their response becomes important in order to respond to new needs. Soft skills such as creativity, originality and initiative, critical thinking, persuasion and negotiation retain or increase their value, when still the difficulty comes when we must combine education with digital transformation, taking into account the inequality of resources in the different parts of the world. Thus, the concept of digital divide will be analyzed, by looking at the growth of the digital economy and the digital transformation brought to the field of education, concluding that this could lead to a growth of inequalities, without an intervention in order to maintain equality to the detriment of developing countries or rural areas, which could translate into limited opportunities for those who do not have immediate access to the Internet.El presente artículo aborda los nuevos métodos de aprendizaje dirigidos a desarrollar una serie de nuevas competencias demandadas por la sociedad actual y las posibles herramientas a utilizar con esta finalidad en el contexto actual en el que la transformación digital cobra protagonismo analizando el riesgo de desigualdad actual como consecuencia de la brecha digital. El Covid-19 ha afectado radicalmente todos los aspectos de la vida humana en todo el mundo y como no podía ser de otro modo esto ha repercutido también en el ámbito de la educación. Al cambio que venimos asistiendo en los últimos años debido a las nuevas necesidades del entorno, de la sociedad y del mercado, se ha sumado la situación pandémica actual. Los docentes se encuentran ante un escenario en el que cobra importancia la calidad de su respuesta a fin de responder a las nuevas necesidades liderando la innovación de manera creativa. Habilidades humanas como la creatividad, la originalidad y la iniciativa, el pensamiento crítico, la persuasión y la negociación conservan o aumentan su valor. Pero la dificultad llega con la necesidad de combinar la educación con la transformación digital, teniendo en cuenta la desigualdad de recursos en las diversas partes del mundo. Se analizará así el concepto de brecha digital analizando cómo el crecimiento de la economía digital, la transformación digital llevada al campo de la educación, sin una intervención en aras al mantenimiento de la igualdad podría desembocar en un crecimiento de las desigualdades, en detrimento de los países en vías de desarrollo o de zonas rurales lo que se podría traducir en una limitación de oportunidades para quienes no tienen acceso inmediato a Internet. Este artigo aborda novos métodos de aprendizagem que visam desenvolver uma série de novas competências exigidas pela sociedade atual e as possíveis ferramentas a serem utilizadas para esse fim no contexto atual em que a transformação digital ocupa um lugar central, analisando o risco da desigualdade atual como consequência da brecha digital. A Covid-19 afetou radicalmente todos os aspectos da vida humana em todo o mundo e, como não poderia deixar de ser, teve impacto também no campo da educação. A atual situação pandemica veio juntar-se à mudança a que temos assistido nos últimos anos devido às novas necessidades do ambiente, da sociedade e do mercado. Os professores enfrentam um cenário em que a qualidade da sua resposta torna-se importante para responder às novas necessidades, liderando a inovação de forma criativa. Habilidades humanas como criatividade, originalidade e iniciativa, pensamento crítico, persuasão e negociação mantêm ou aumentam o seu valor. Mas a dificuldade surge com a necessidade de combinar a educação com a transformação digital, tendo em conta a desigualdade de recursos nas diferentes partes do mundo. Será analisado o conceito de exclusão digital, analisando como o crescimento da economia digital, a transformação digital levada a cabo no domínio da educação, sem intervenção para manter a igualdade, poderá levar a um crescimento das desigualdades, em detrimento dos países em desenvolvimento ou nas zonas rurais, o que poderá traduzir-se numa limitação de oportunidades para aqueles que não têm acesso imediato à Internet