Collaborative mapping of emerging cities in developing countries: the León Emergente Project

In the expanding constellation of collaborative map-making initiatives, a growing number of small local projects coexist along with more ambitious and global ones. In developing countries, their existence is not only compatible and complementary, but also necessary, since they meet different needs and pursue diverse and essential objectives, in addition to collecting and sharing geo-located data. In this context, this paper describes the León Emergente initiative, a collaborative living atlas for the city of León in Nicaragua. The results are presented through two main maps that illustrate, for the first time, the formal and informal economic activity of the city as well as the health facilities in relation to the distribution of population across the city. The paper also describes the Leon Emergente online platform and presents a number of online maps that not only represent, but also collect data on different urban aspects and dynamics

Feasibility study for brain perfusion analysis using changes of FiO2 (inspired oxygen percentage) and magnetic resonance imaging

The term perfusion is usually employed to describe the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to tissues. In the case of the brain, perfusion is especially a crucial factor, since the intake of glucose and oxygen in this organ is continuous due to its extremely high activity and lack of reserves. Moreover, it is altered in many disorders, diseases and injuries, so it should be tightly controlled in order to ensure the proper functioning of the body. As previously mentioned, one of the most important parameters regarding perfusion is the level of oxygen that arrives to the tissue. The general term to describe oxygenation degree is the blood saturation, Sp02, which is defined as the ratio between the oxygenated carrier, oxyhemoglobin, and the total amount of hemoglobin present in the bloodstream. Due to its importance in diagnosis, cerebral perfusion has been studied by means of several techniques, such as MRI and CT. However, in both cases perfusion is assessed using an external contrast agent, such as Gadolinium or iodinated compounds. By introducing external contrast agents, images do not rely upon intrinsic properties of the tissue, and injection process increases medical expenses, patient discomfort, and may involve certain risks. Therefore, this project has been developed in order to analyze the feasibility of a novel approach to assess perfusion, using the own blood as an endogenous contrast agent, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The approach relies on how abrupt changes in saturation affect to the mean intensity of certain zones in the MRI image. BOLD is a classical technique that follows a similar procedure, but it only studies differential perfusion changes during neuronal activation, instead of analyzing large changes over time. SpO2 alterations are achieved by modifying the fraction of oxygen inhaled, or FiO2. For that purpose, a gas mixer device supplies different mixtures of O2 and N2, with 0% and 100% oxygen content, respectively. Both mixtures are alternated in order to achieve an abrupt fall in saturation levels and a further recovery of those values, generating concatenated downwards and upwards slope in the saturation curve. Saturation values, which represent the input function to the system, are recorded using pulseoximeter devices. During those changes, image acquisition is performed in parallel, in order to record how mean intensity is affected in the image. Two different pulse sequences have been tested in the experiments, Spin Echo Planar Imaging (SE-EPI) and Gradient Echo (GE). The results show a drop in the mean intensity values of the SE-EPI sequences, coinciding with the drop in the saturation curve registered by the pulseoximeters. No changes appeared with GE sequences. Therefore, the project shows that under certain conditions, the own blood could act as an endogenous contrast agent for perfusion analysis using MRI, thus opening up a wide range of possibilities for the future.Ingeniería Biomédic

The naive map of the sixteenth century roads in Spain

This paper presents a naïve map that attempts to reflect the vision that Philip II and his advisors probably had of the Spanish road network in the second half of the sixteenth century, a crucial aspect for the choice of the seat of the capital of the kingdom.The elaboration of the naïve map was carried out in two phases: in the first, the road network was reconstructed based on a thorough revision of the primary sources that have survived to the present day. As these sources showed evident problems of completeness, the network was completed using mathematical methods, which were statistically contrasted. The analysis carried out is an important novelty since it shows that most oft he transport in the Iberian Peninsula was channeled through the center following a radial structure with six principal axes two centuries before what has been traditionally consideredComunidad de MadridUniversidad de Alcal

La litis aestimatio en los procesos de repetundis ex lege cornelia

[Resumen] En el presente trabajo se pretende realizar, como el propio título indica, un análisis de la litis aestimatio en los procesos de repetundis en la época de Sila. El problema principal que se trata en este estudio es la posibilidad o no de incluir en la fase de estimación del litigio de un proceso de repetundis ilícitos de distinta naturaleza, concretamente aquéllos que entran en el ámbito del crimen maiestatis.[Abstract] The aim of this work is to analyze the litis aestimatio in the trials de repetundis at the time of Sulla. The main problem to deal with is whether it is possible or not to mention illicits of different nature in the litis aestimatio of a process de repetundis, focusing the attention on those coverd by the maiestatis law

El procedimiento civil como medio de control de la corrupción política: Formula octaviana y crimen repetundarum

This article treats on the active subjects of the formula Octaviana, private procedure that had as objective the protection of the provincial population of the spoliations made by the Roman citizens

Evolución de la responsabilidad del nauta en el Derecho romano

Sin resume

IMPROVING SCIENCE TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY FOR SCIENCE PRACTICES WITH DIVERSE STUDENTS

This quasi-experimental study explored the effects of professional development utilizing virtual cross-group contact on teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching science practices with underrepresented minorities. Participants (N = 29) were science teachers of grades 6 – 8 from a diverse, sub urban school district. Teachers completed surveys of self-efficacy, content knowledge, and measures of attitudes and beliefs of various student groups. Results indicated that participants’ self-efficacy for teaching diverse student groups increased as a result of the treatment, however linear regression did not identify attitudes or beliefs as predictive factors. Survey responses suggest that more direct conversations are needed within the framework of multicultural education in order to equip teachers with the cultural competencies needed to influence teachers’ practice in diverse classrooms

Monumentos de Avila : guía para visitar la ciudad

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2009-201

Refrigeración solar por eyector

La finalidad de este trabajo es el estudio de un método de refrigeración que ayude a reducir el impacto medioambiental que producen otros sistemas de refrigeración más convencionales. Este método consiste en combinar la energía del Sol, que es renovable y gratuita, con un sistema de refrigeración por eyección que, a pesar de no tener alta eficiencia, tiene importantes ventajas como la de tener un bajo coste y una menor complejidad que otros sistemas. Para comenzar el estudio se hará un breve repaso por las distintas tecnologías de refrigeración solar hasta llegar a la refrigeración solar por eyector. También se va a realizar un breve repaso de la historia de los eyectores y su aplicación a los ciclos de refrigeración así como un análisis teórico de los mismos, desarrollando los modelos matemáticos necesarios para la realización del estudio. Por otro lado, uno de los puntos clave de la refrigeración por eyección es el relacionado con las propiedades del refrigerante. Por este motivo, para determinar qué refrigerante es el idóneo para esta aplicación, se describirán los criterios que deben cumplir y se utilizarán los modelos desarrollados del eyector. Además, se describirá cómo ha evolucionado la historia de los refrigerantes y la importancia de los Protocolos de Kioto y de Montreal en dicha evolución. Igualmente, al ser una aplicación de refrigeración solar, se va a realizar un repaso teórico sobre la energía solar y, además, se va a desarrollar de forma matemática y esquematizada la instalación solar. Con estos modelos, tanto de la instalación solar como del ciclo de refrigeración por eyector, se hará un estudio de una instalación situada en Madrid y se mostrarán los resultados más relevantes de la misma así como una evaluación del ahorro de emisiones de CO2 que supone su uso. Finalmente, se van a presentar las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado con este estudio y los posibles trabajos futuros.The purpose of this work is the study of a cooling technique that helps reduce the environmental impact caused by other more conventional cooling systems. This method is to combine the sun's energy, which is renewable and free, with an ejection cooling system which, despite not having high efficiency, has important advantages such as having a low cost and less complexity than other systems. To begin the study will briefly review around the different solar cooling technologies to reach solar ejector cooling. There will also be a brief review of the history of the ejector and its application to refrigeration cycles as well as a theoretical analysis of data, developing mathematical models necessary for the study. Furthermore, one of the key points of the cooling ejection is related to the properties of the coolant. Therefore, to determine which refrigerant is ideal for this application, the criteria to be met are described and developed ejector models are used. In addition, describe how the story has evolved refrigerants and the importance of the Kyoto and Montreal in this evolution. Also, being a solar cooling application, it will take a theoretical overview of solar energy and also will be developed mathematically and schematic the solar installation. With these models, both the solar system and the ejector refrigeration cycle, a study of a facility located in Madrid and the most relevant results thereof and an assessment of CO2 emissions savings involved will be shown their use. Finally, we will present the conclusions reached with this study and possible future works.Ingeniería Mecánic

Gender and coeducation: Diagnosis and solutions

Recensión de: - Heredero de Pedro, C. (2019). Género y coeducación. Madrid: Morata. 150 páginas. ISBN: 978847112924