THE SELECTED ISSUES OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY IN GERMANY – IMPLEMENTATION POSSIBILITIES IN POLAND

        The author in the article presents the conditionings and the main changes introduced through labour market reforms implemented in Germany since the activity of the Hartz Commission. There were presented the components of all four Hartz Reforms and the directions of its continuation after 2005. The aim of the publication is to determine, which of the German solutions are possible to implement in the Polish economic and social conditionings.        The research method undertaken in that paper was the analysis of secondary data – both statistical as well as reports and publications connected with German labour market policy

YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET

In an era of aging of the European Union population, it is crucial to take care of human resources in various spheres of their life. The potential of young people is particularly important, as their economic activity creates the basis of maintaining the European welfare state model. However, the labour market situation of young people is difficult. Moreover, the phenomena, which have recently attracted increasing attention, are remaining for young people without employment, education or training (NEET). The occurrence of NEET's resources is harmful at micro level - due to pauperization of European households as well as for the whole economy due to insufficient usage of human resources. The paper aim is to compare how the situation of young people differs in the European Union labour markets.The paper was based on both the desk-research of literature as well as the analysis of selected economic indicators of young people (aged 15-29 years). The indicator analysis was made through the usage of cluster analysis (Ward's method and k-means method). The data was gathered from the databases of Eurostat. The selected indicators determine the labour market situation of young people in the EU countries and they are derived from two years – 2006 and 2014.Ward's and k-means methods allowed for dividing the EU countries into three groups. It occurred that the groups in 2006 have a completely different composition of countries than in 2014, which was mainly determined by crisis influences on the labour markets as well as directions of conducted reforms. Additionally, the k-means method allowed for comparison of selected groups on the basis of chosen variables and determination of countries with the best and the worst situation of young people

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE COMPANIES IN THE DANISH ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICY

In this paper the authors present a new, extended approach, involving collaboration strategies between public employment services and private companies, which were under implementation in 2015 in Aarhus (Denmark). The main thesis of the paper is that the cooperation of public labour market institutions with labour demand representaives is crucial in realisation of active labour market policy. The Danish labour market policy is based on the flexicurity model that combines the flexibility of employment assisted by employment security assured by both, developed active labour market programmes and a rationalized system of benefits. The authors also propose some reccommendations for Poland in the area of boosting cooperation between public employment services and business representatives following the Danish example. The research method was the analysis of secondary data, such as literature overview, as well as strategies and reports made on behalf of the Jobcenter Aarhus

Transformation of European Labour Market Policy Models – Exemplified by Denmark, Germany And The United Kingdom

Nowadays changes in the field of conditionings of European labour market policy as ageing society and crisis of welfare state, impose new objectives for the process of cohesion creation. The European Union countries, representing different labour market policy models (Scandinavian, corporate, liberal), have implemented labour market reforms allowing for effective usage of labour resources. The author in the article presents the assumptions of labour market policy models and indicates the main directions of its transformation in the current social and economic conditionings. That transformation mainly regards to concentration on active labour market policies and increasing its efficiency. The analysis was based on the example of three countries - Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. They represent three different labour market models and are characterized by the activity in the field of carried out reforms of labour market (mainly active labour market policy). Those countries, thanks to the implemented changes, improved the employability of labour force and (in spite of the economic crisis from 2008) maintained stable situation on the labour [email protected] of Management, Bialystok University of Technology5(71)385

TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY OF LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS IN POLAND

The situation in the labour market is conditioned by many factors that often have a local dimension. Identification of different levels of development of labour demand as well as potential of labour supply on the local level is a crucial element of diagnosis of reasons for regional and local diversity and implementation of an appropriate labour market policy. As there is available a variety of indicators describing regional labour relations, there is a need to create synthetic measure to include different aspects of the labour market situation. The aim of the paper is identification of the diversity of the situation in the local labour markets of all 16 Polish voivodeships. At the first step, a synthetic measure including eight variables was created. At the second stage 16 Polish voivodeships were clustered following Ward’s and k-means methods. As the authors assume that the position of voivodeship labour markets is connected with the position of capital cities, the analysis was deepened by ranking voivodeship cities based on Hellwig’s method. As a result of conducted research and the classification of Polish voivodeships and their capital cities in the context of the situation in the labour market, there have been identified the reasons of regions’ positions and proposed recommendations for the labour market policy.

Application of flexicurity model in European Union employment strategy

Duński model flexicurity, na który składa się: elastyczny rynek pracy, aktywna polityka rynku pracy i hojne państwo opiekuńcze, stanowi obecnie wzorzec do naśladowania przez wiele krajów europejskich. Ponadto, model ten odgrywa istotną rolę w kształtowaniu Europejskiej Strategii Zatrudnienia. Jednak, aby osiągnąć tak korzystne rezultaty z wdrażania polityki flexicurity, jak w Danii, nieodzowne jest współwystępowanie wszystkich jej składowych, które z jednej strony zapewniają elastyczność form pracy, natomiast z drugiej bezpieczeństwo socjalne dla osób z nich korzystających. Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie, w jakim stopniu realizuje się politykę flexicurity w krajach Unii Europejskiej, w tym w Polsce, a także, jakie są problemy związane z jej wdrażaniem.The Danish flexicurity model, which comprises: a flexible labour market, active labour market policy, and a generous welfare state, seems to be nowadays the pattern to follow for many European countries. Moreover, this model plays an important role in the creation of the European Employment Strategy. However, in order to achieve such success in the implementation of flexicurity policy as Denmark has, it is essential that all of its constituent elements are present, so as to ensure flexible forms of labour, on the one hand, and security for those who use flexible contracts, on the other hand. The purpose of this paper is to present the scope in which flexicurity policy is applied in the European Union countries, with special attention to Poland, and to diagnose the problems of its [email protected] Ewa Rollnik-Sadowska – Wydział Zarządzania, Politechnika Biłostock

EDUCATION AND FUTURE WORK ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Increasing the employment among young people is one of the main objectives of the European Union labour market policy. On the one hand, labour market indicators of youths are worse than the ones for the population as a whole. Moreover, the EU countries face NEETs phenomena when young people are not in education, employment and training. Simultaneously, the strong aging process in Europe and demographic changes determine the need for a particular focus on young people who are an important part of future labour force. It is crucial to equip young people with the skills and competencies tailored to the needs of employers, which also would be consistent with the attitudes and expectations of young people. That is why the authors of the paper decided to take into consideration the work and education attitudes of students in two European countries - Poland and Lithuania. These neighbouring EU member states went through comparable historical and political conditions, which influenced their economic situations also in the area of labour market. However, those countries followed different educational reforms. Lithuania implemented basic dual learning and Poland still represents more theoretical orientation in tertiary education. The research aim of the paper is to identify the differences in education and future work attitudes of Polish and Lithuanian students. Those differences were diagnosed taking into account: an assessment of own skills for a 'dream' job, perceptions of the impact of environmental factors on a future career, as well as a diagnosis of motivators to work.The chosen research methods were both secondary data analysis as well as realisation of the primary quantitative research among Polish and Lithuanian students. The survey was conducted among 500 students - roughly in half from each country. The comparison showed large similarities in the factors affecting the motivation of students to work as well as some differences in the perception of the impact of the environment on the future career. The biggest differences among students from two countries were identified in the evaluation of skills needed to find employment.

Diversity of regional labour markets in Poland

Purpose: The aim of this article is to assess real changes taking place on regional labour markets in Poland over the last ten years. The starting point for the analysis was 2008 – the time of the economic crisis – and it was compared to 2018, a year marked by a significant improvement in the economy, including the labour market. Design/Methodology/Approach: To assess the initial and current situation on regional labour markets, the authors use variables obtained from CSO resources, diagnosing the situation in individual Polish voivodships. The identified set of variables served to create a synthetic indicator reflecting the situation on regional labour markets in Poland as a derivative of the condition of the economy. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of regional labour markets, the authors made rankings of voivodships for the two analysed periods with the use of the Hellwig method. The next stage of the study involved an estimation of the multiple regression model, which explains how the identified factors (determinants) affect the position of voivodships in the context of their employment potential. The authors adopted a ratio of the employed per 1,000 inhabitants as a dependent variable, while the variables determining the demand for labour were considered as independent variables. Findings: A ten-year comparison period adopted for the analyses showed that the economic crisis did not have a major impact on economic and labour market changes in Polish regions. Practical Implications: The proposed research methodology is universal and can be used to assess regional labour markets in other countries. Originality/Value: The conducted research allowed for the identification of factors influencing the situation on the labour market and the assessment of changes taking place on regional labour markets.peer-reviewe

Stakeholders engagement for solving mobility problems in touristic remote areas from the Baltic Sea Region

Stakeholder participation is particularly important when dealing with mobility problems in touristic remote areas, in which there is a need to find sustainable solutions to increase transport accessibility. However, the literature lacks research linking the issues of establishing stakeholder groups with the most desirable level of involvement and methods ensuring involvement on the indicated level. The aim of the paper is to fill this gap on example of project dedicated to six Baltic Sea Regions. In the first stage key stakeholder groups were identified, then different methods and tools were proposed depending on levels of engagement of given group of stakeholders on solving the problems of local mobility. Two research methods were implemented–the case study and the content analysis of documents. The results of the research point to the existence of five key groups of stakeholders interested in solving transport problems of touristic remote areas: authorities, business and service operators, residents, visitors and others (like experts and NGOs). Among the five–authorities and business representatives–should be to a higher degree engaged. However, the main conclusion is that engagement local government units, when developing their own, long-term strategies for social participation, should adapt the selection of participation methods and techniques to a specific target group and the desired level of their involvement so as to include stakeholders in the co-decision processes as effectively as possible and achieve effective regional co-management