Entropy production and detailed balance for a class of quantum Markov semigroups

We give an explicit entropy production formula for a class of quantum Markov semigroups, arising in the weak coupling limit of a system coupled with reservoirs, whose generators $\mathcal{L}$ are sums of other generators $\mathcal{L}_\omega$ associated with positive Bohr frequencies $\omega$ of the system. As a consequence, we show that any such semigroup satisfies the quantum detailed balance condition with respect to an invariant state if and only if all semigroups generated by each $\mathcal{L}_\omega$ so do with respect to the same invariant state

Clases medias latinoamericanas: ayer y hoy

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo, realizado con encuestas de hogares de 10 países de América Latina, en el que se buscó identificar los cambios en el tamaño y composición de las clases medias en el periodo 1990 y 2006/2007. Asimismo, presenta algunas conclusiones sobre el nuevo perfil de los sectores medios y las variaciones de sus identidades, tomando en cuenta patrones de consumo, conducta e imaginarios

The growing and changing middle class in Latin America: an update

Includes bibliograph

Processing of Onion Skin Extracts with Quercetin-Molecularly Imprinted Adsorbents Working at a Wide Range of Water Content

A simple adsorption process allowing a high retention of polyphenols contained in extracts of onion skin with ethanol/water volume ratio going up to 80/20 is described. We show that the straightforward processing of the extracts is possible, even at low water content, by using quercetin-molecularly imprinted (Q-MIP) adsorbents synthesized with 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) as the functional monomer. The favorable interactions between the pyridyl functional groups of 4VP and the polyphenols, as well as the improved binding site accessibility introduced by molecular imprinting, are at the source for the good performance observed with the Q-MIPs. The usefulness of the Q-MIPs in onion skin polyphenols purification, fractionation and concentration is demonstrated with few sorption/desorption steps and considering sonicated, Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 extracts. Polyphenol retention of c.a. 88% is possible with Q-MIPs (7% with non-tailored adsorbents) when directly processing ethanol/water 80/20 extracts. Protocatechuic acid and other very hydrophilic molecules (such as simple sugars) were readily removed from the extracts, leaving fractions containing mostly quercetin and quercetin derivatives. Polyphenol recovery higher than 90% (measured with quercetin) and concentration factors up to 34 times were observed with the Q-MIPs. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Latin American social agenda in the year 2000

Includes bibliographyNow that the 1990s have ended and a new millennium is dawning, the low rate of economic growth, the region's vulnerability to international financial instability and the limited progress made in terms of equity oblige us to reflect on the social agenda for the future. An important role in that agenda will continue to be played by the efforts to overcome poverty and indigence, conditioned to a large extent by the region's capacity for economic change and its dynamism in creating large numbers of jobs of higher quality in terms of productivity and income. At the same time, in view of the heavy burden of unfulfilled social needs that still persists, it is essential that social programmes should use their resources efficiently and -in order to be prepared for possible crises- safety nets should be established to cope with periods of recession. Those programmes must attach great importance to the creation of human capital, taking care to improve the present unsatisfactory distribution of education between the social strata, which is one of the symbols of Latin America's social shortcomings. Education alone, however, is not enough to overcome the lack of equity, improve income distribution and generate a situation of social mobility which will give sons and daughters better opportunities for material well-being and social status than their parents had. Economic change should take advantage of the better levels of education achieved by creating more jobs of higher productivity, for which purpose it will be necessary to increase the present investment coefficients and the procurement and dissemination of technical progress. A better mix of labour, capital and technical progress will lay the foundations for more inclusive and equalitarian societies

Evaluación de proyectos sociales

Incluye Bibliografí

Política comercial y su impacto en las ventas y rentabilidad de la empresa Softys Perú: 2017 - 2019

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Economía y Planificación. Departamento Académico de Economía y PlanificaciónEste estudio tuvo como finalidad “Evaluar la política comercial y su impacto en las ventas y rentabilidad económica de la empresa Softys Perú, durante el periodo 2017-2019 con la finalidad de diseñar estrategias alternativas de gestión comercial”. Respecto a la metodología, este trabajo monográfico de suficiencia profesional se sustentó en la modalidad documental, nivel correlacional pues se abocó al estudio de la naturaleza de la relación existente entre las variables: política comercial, niveles de ventas y rentabilidad empresarial. La técnica de investigación empleada en este estudio fue el análisis de documentos. Se emplearon fichas o archivos de anotaciones digitales para recopilar los datos que sirvieron de base al proceso de reconocimiento de la situación objeto de estudio, obtenidos principalmente de los estados financieros de la empresa. En función de los resultados logrados en este estudio, se encontró que existe una relación favorable entre las políticas comerciales (determinación de precios, cartera de productos, distribución y promoción) y los ingresos por concepto de ventas y la rentabilidad de la empresa Softys Perú para el periodo 2017 – 2019.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the commercial policy and its impact on the sales and economic profitability of the company Softys Peru, during the period 2017-2019 in order to design alternative commercial management strategies. From a methodological point of view, this monographic work of professional sufficiency was based on the documentary modality, of a correlational type since it was devoted to the study of the nature of the relationship between the variables: commercial policy, sales levels and business profitability, without delving into on the importance of the determining variables. The research technique used in this study was document analysis. Tokens or digital annotation files were used to compile the data that served as the basis for the process of recognition of the situation under study, obtained mainly from the financial statements of the company. Based on the results obtained in this research, it was found that there is a favorable relationship between commercial policies (pricing, product portfolio, distribution and promotion) with sales levels and profitability of the company Softys Peru for the period 2017 - 2019

Valuation of defer and relocation options in photovoltaic generation investments by a stochastic simulation-based method

Risk management is crucial when committing investments in electricity markets. Investment projects for the generation of electricity are capital-intensive, in large part irreversible and future performance is subject to high uncertainty. Fortunately, most power generation projects have strategic flexibility for handling uncertainty and for mitigating risks under unfavorable scenarios. Modern corporate finance recognizes Real Option analysis (ROA) as the correct way to value investment projects with these characteristics. Due to both, environmental concerns and escalation of fuel prices, electricity generation from renewable sources has grown dramatically worldwide over the last decade. Renewable investment projects share many of the features mentioned. As such, option valuation methods should be applied to estimate the monetary value of flexibility in renewable energy investments. This work presents an appropriate methodology for assessing the economic value of a photovoltaic power plant under uncertainties. ROA is applied to determine the value of delaying the investment decision while waiting for better market information that would reduce acquisition costs due to progress in solar technology. The flexibility of relocating the solar facility in the future upon the appearance of a more attractive site in terms of cost, network accessibility or regulatory policies is also valued. The problem of option valuation is solved through stochastic simulation combined with recursive approximate dynamic programming techniques. The methodology developed might be used by investors for more efficient decision-making and by regulatory agencies for designing adequate support policies that encourage investment in renewable energy generation.Fil: Pringles, Rolando Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Olsina, Fernando Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; ArgentinaFil: Penizzotto Bacha, Franco Victor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Energía Eléctrica; Argentin

Derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en América latina: su situación actual

Este trabajo intenta analizar la concepción, naturaleza jurídica y garantía de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, en América Latina, así como las condiciones y medidas que pueden contribuir a su efectividad. Presenta tambien una propuesta de indicadores que pueden utilizarse en la supervision de la efectividad de esos derechos y de la proteccion que ellos han alcanzado, proporcionando información sobre la situactón latinoamericana y caribeña actual