10,056 research outputs found
Climate-dependent CO2 emissions from lakes
Inland waters, just as the world's oceans, play an important role in the global carbon cycle. While lakes and reservoirs typically emit CO2, they also bury carbon in their sediment. The net CO2 emission is largely the result of the decomposition or preservation of terrestrially supplied carbon. What regulates the balance between CO2 emission and carbon burial is not known, but climate change and temperature have been hypothesized to influence both processes. We analyzed patterns in carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) in 83 shallow lakes over a large climatic gradient in South America and found a strong, positive correlation with temperature. The higher pCO2 in warmer lakes may be caused by a higher, temperature-dependent mineralization of organic carbon. This pattern suggests that cool lakes may start to emit more CO2 when they warm up because of climate ch
Knowledge and information needs of informal caregivers in palliative care : a qualitative systematic review
Objectives: To review current understanding of the knowledge and information needs
of informal caregivers in palliative settings. Data sources: Seven electronic databases
were searched for the period January 1994âNovember 2006: Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO,
Embase, Ovid, Zetoc and Pubmed using a meta-search engine (MetalibÂź).
Key journals and reference lists of selected papers were hand searched. Review methods:
Included studies were peer-reviewed journal articles presenting original research.
Given a variety of approaches to palliative care research, a validated systematic review
methodology for assessing disparate evidence was used in order to assign scores to
different aspects of each study (introduction and aims, method and data, sampling,
data analysis, ethics and bias, findings/results, transferability/generalizability, implications
and usefulness). Analysis was assisted by abstraction of key details of study into
a table. Results: Thirty-four studies were included from eight different countries. The
evidence was strongest in relation to pain management, where inadequacies in caregiver
knowledge and the importance of education were emphasized. The significance
of effective communication and information sharing between patient, caregiver and
service provider was also emphasized. The evidence for other caregiver knowledge
and information needs, for example in relation to welfare and social support was
weaker. There was limited literature on non-cancer conditions and the care-giving
information needs of black and minority ethnic populations. Overall, the evidence
base was predominantly descriptive and dominated by small-scale studies, limiting
generalizability. Conclusions: As palliative care shifts into patientsâ homes, a more rigorously
researched evidence base devoted to understanding caregivers knowledge
and information needs is required. Research design needs to move beyond the current
focus on dyads to incorporate the complex, three-way interactions between patients,
service providers and caregivers in end-of-life care setting
Herança da reação à Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn. em Capsicum annuum L.
O uso de fungicidas no controle do oĂdio do pimentĂŁo tem se mostrado ineficaz, sendo a resistĂȘncia genĂ©tica a melhor alternativa. As fontes de resistĂȘncia identificadas em Capsicum annuum L. sĂŁo raras e nĂŁo satisfatĂłrias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança da reação de C. annuum ao oĂdio. TrĂȘs progenitores resistentes e homozigĂłticos, HV-12, Chilli e #124 e trĂȘs suscetĂveis, 609, 442 e 428 foram usados na obtenção de sete hĂbridos e respectivas geraçÔes F2: HV-12 × 609, 442 × HV-12, 428 × HV-12, Chilli × 609, #124 × 609, Chilli × HV-12 e #124 × HV-12. A epidemia de oĂdio ocorreu de maneira natural a partir de inĂłculo mantido em plantas de pimentĂŁo suscetĂveis. As avaliaçÔes das reaçÔes ao oĂdio foram feitas na fase de frutificação, atravĂ©s de uma escala de notas de 1 (resistente) a 5 (altamente suscetĂvel). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Foram estimados, os nĂșmeros de locos, ação gĂȘnica, coeficiente de herdabilidade, ganho de seleção esperado e o progresso observado em F3 e possĂveis relaçÔes de alelismo entre os genes que governam a resistĂȘncia. O cruzamento HV-12 × 609 foi o Ășnico em que a reação de resistĂȘncia mostrou ausĂȘncia de dominĂąncia. Nos demais cruzamentos detectaram-se efeitos dominantes e epistĂĄticos. A herança foi caracterizada sendo governada por no mĂnimo quatro pares de genes. As herdabilidades e ganhos de seleção estimados foram altos. O mecanismo de resistĂȘncia dos progenitores resistentes #124, Chilli e HV-12 mostraram diferenças de expressĂŁo e natureza genĂ©tica.The use of fungicides to control powdery mildew in sweet pepper has been ineffective and genetic resistance is the best alternative. Resistance sources identified in Capsicum annuum L. are rare and unsatisfactory. The purpose of this work was to study the inheritance of C. annuum reaction to powdery mildew. Three homozygous powdery mildew resistant parents, HV-12, Chilli and #124 and three susceptible lines, 609, 442 and 428 were used to obtain seven F1's and respectively their generations F2: HV-12 x 609, 442 × HV-12, 428 × HV-12, Chilli × 609, #124 × 609, Chilli × HV-12 and #124 × HV-12. The powdery epidemic was natural using inoculum from highly sporulating susceptible pepper host. Powdery mildew host reaction evaluations were carried out during the fruit production using a rating system based on disease severity scales varying from 1 (resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). The experimental design was completely randomized. The following genetic parameters were estimated: locus numbers, gene action, heritability coefficient, expected selection gain and observed progress in F3 generation, and possibly allelic relationship among resistance genes of different resistance sources. The HV-12×609 cross was the only one that showed absence of dominance. Other genetically analyzed crossings showed dominant and epistatic effects. Resistance was characterized as being due to at least four pairs of genes. The heritability and selection gains estimates were high. The resistance mechanisms of #124, Chilli and HV-12 showed differences in their expression
Herança da reação ao oĂdio em pimenta (Capsicum chinense, Jacq.)
A espĂ©cie de pimenta C. chinense tem sido considerada uma das mais importantes fontes de resistĂȘncia ao oĂdio, porĂ©m a herança dessa resistĂȘncia ainda Ă© desconhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informaçÔes sobre a herança dessa reação. Dois progenitores resistentes, Pimenta Cheiro 1 e PI 152225 e dois moderadamente suscetĂveis, Pimenta Doce IH-1761 e Pimenta Ăndio, foram utilizados na obtenção de trĂȘs hĂbridos e respectivas geraçÔes F2: Pimenta Doce IH-1761 × Pimenta Cheiro 1, Pimenta Ăndio ´ PI 152225 e Pimenta Doce IH-1761 × PI 152225. A epidemia de oĂdio ocorreu de maneira natural a partir de inĂłculo mantido em plantas de pimentĂŁo suscetĂveis. As avaliaçÔes das reaçÔes ao oĂdio foram feitas na fase de frutificação, atravĂ©s de uma escala de notas de 1 (resistente) a 5 (altamente suscetĂvel). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Foram estimados: tipo de ação gĂȘnica, coeficiente de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção esperado em F3.. A segregação transgressiva em F2 indicou que a herança Ă© oligogĂȘnica e o tipo de ação gĂȘnica envolveu os componentes aditivos, dominantes e epistĂĄticos. Os efeitos de dominĂąncia e epistasia detectadas nos cruzamentos se mostraram negativos para a suscetibilidade. Os valores de herdabilidade e ganho de seleção foram moderados, sendo de 35,5% e 1,7% para o cruzamento Pimenta Doce IH-1761 ;´; Pimenta Cheiro 1, de 50,4% e 3,5% para Pimenta Ăndio ;´; PI 152225 e de 49,0% e 2,7% para Pimenta Doce IH 1761 ;´; PI 152225. Os resultados sobre ação gĂȘnica favorecem programas de melhoramento visando variedades hĂbridas.The pepper species C. chinense has been considered one of the most important resistance sources to powdery mildew Capsicum spp. However, the inheritance in this species was unknown. The purpose of this work was to study its reaction inheritance. Two powdery mildew resistant parents, 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1 and PI 152225 and two moderately susceptible ones, 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 and 'Pimenta Ăndio', were used to obtain three F1 and their respective F2 generations: 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 ;´; 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1, 'Pimenta Ăndio' ;´; PI 152225 and 'Pimenta Doce' IH-1761 ;´; PI 152225. The powdery mildew epidemy was natural using inoculum from a highly-sporulating susceptible pepper host. Powdery mildew host reaction evaluations were carried out during the fruiting stage using a rating system based on disease severity scales varying from 1 (resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible). The experimental design was completely randomized. The following genetic parameters were estimated: gene action, heritability coefficient and expected selection gain in the F3 generation. The transgressive segregation in F2 indicated oligogenic inheritance. Results show the presence of additive, dominant, and epistatic gene action. The dominant and epistatic effects detected in crosses presented negative values, tending towards susceptibility. The heritability and selection gain estimates were moderate, with values of 35.5% and 1.7% for 'Pimenta Doce' IH 1761 ;´; 'Pimenta Cheiro' 1, from 50.4% to 3.5% for 'Pimenta Ăndio' ;´; PI 152225, and 49% and 2.7% for the 'Pimenta Doce' IH 1761 ;´; PI 152225 crosses, respectively. These gene action results are favorable for breeding programs and exploration of hybrids
Bioethical implications in the environmental licensing of large enterprises in Brazil
O processo de licenciamento ambiental de refinarias de petrĂłleo no Brasil tem sido criticado pela ausĂȘncia do cuidado com relação aos efeitos decorrentes do empreendimento sobre a saĂșde. Por isso, este trabalho busca identificar ferramentas da bioĂ©tica que contribuam para a proteção da saĂșde nesse processo. Amparado numa revisĂŁo integrativa da literatura cientĂfica e no mĂ©todo desconstrutivo proposto por Derrida, justifica-se a pertinĂȘncia e legitimidade do uso da bioĂ©tica para fundamentar a relação entre as consequĂȘncias para a saĂșde dos indivĂduos, populaçÔes e dos ecossistemas e a conflituosidade envolvida. Conclui-se que a bioĂ©tica pode contribuir como ferramenta teĂłrica e prĂĄtica por meio da descrição, avaliação dos conflitos e dilemas morais envolvendo a licença para implantação de processos produtivos, servindo para processos de crĂtica, justificação e de estabelecimento de medidas moralmente aceitĂĄveis para a proteção da saĂșde humana e dos demais seres vivos do ecossistema.Brazilian oil refneriesâ environmental licensing process have been criticised for lack of healthcare aspects. Therefore, this paper aims to identify elements of bioethics that contribute to healthcare in this process. Based on an integrative review of scientifc literature and on the deconstructive method proposed by Derrida, the relevance and legitimacy of bioethics to justify the relationship between morality and the consequences for individualâs, populationsâs and ecosystemsâs health is justifed. We conclude that bioethics may contribute as a theoretical and practical tool to solve conflicts by describing existing struggles and moral dilemmas, through processes of criticism and justifcation and the establishment of morally acceptable measures for the protection of humans and environmental health
Development and validation of the Cambridge Multimorbidity Score
BACKGROUND: Health services have failed to respond to the pressures of multimorbidity. Improved measures of multimorbidity are needed for conducting research, planning services and allocating resources. METHODS: We modelled the association between 37 morbidities and 3 key outcomes (primary care consultations, unplanned hospital admission, death) at 1 and 5 years. We extracted development (n = 300 000) and validation (n = 150 000) samples from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We constructed a general-outcome multimorbidity score by averaging the standardized weights of the separate outcome scores. We compared performance with the Charlson Comorbidity Index. RESULTS: Models that included all 37 conditions were acceptable predictors of general practitioner consultations (C-index 0.732, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.731-0.734), unplanned hospital admission (C-index 0.742, 95% CI 0.737-0.747) and death at 1 year (C-index 0.912, 95% CI 0.905-0.918). Models reduced to the 20 conditions with the greatest combined prevalence/weight showed similar predictive ability (C-indices 0.727, 95% CI 0.725-0.728; 0.738, 95% CI 0.732-0.743; and 0.910, 95% CI 0.904-0.917, respectively). They also predicted 5-year outcomes similarly for consultations and death (C-indices 0.735, 95% CI 0.734-0.736, and 0.889, 95% CI 0.885-0.892, respectively) but performed less well for admissions (C-index 0.708, 95% CI 0.705-0.712). The performance of the general-outcome score was similar to that of the outcome-specific models. These models performed significantly better than those based on the Charlson Comorbidity Index for consultations (C-index 0.691, 95% CI 0.690-0.693) and admissions (C-index 0.703, 95% CI 0.697-0.709) and similarly for mortality (C-index 0.907, 95% CI 0.900-0.914). INTERPRETATION: The Cambridge Multimorbidity Score is robust and can be either tailored or not tailored to specific health outcomes. It will be valuable to those planning clinical services, policymakers allocating resources and researchers seeking to account for the effect of multimorbidity
Towards rational engineering of cells: Recombinant gene expression in defined chromosomal loci
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