Callus induction, clonal propagation and in vitro germplasm conservation of ‘hualtaco’ Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl. (Anacardiaceae)

Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl., of the Anacardiaceae family, classified critically endangered, is a forest tree with considerable value in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) in the northwest of Peru and south of Ecuador. The aim of the study was callus induction, propagation and germplasm conservation using in vitro tissue culture techniques. In vitro seed germination (90%) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L-1 GA3. The cotyledonal nodes of seedlings were used as explants to initiate the growth of the apical shoots, in culture medium with the IAA-GA3 interactions, without observing growth of the axillary buds. The highest rate of friable callus induction (100%) was recorded on MS medium containing 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L-1 2,4-D in cotyledons and hypocotyls explants after 30 to 45 days of culture. The profuse roots formation was the only morphogenic response (10.8 to 13.8%) on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA, 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA 2.0 mg/L-1 BAP, KIN or 2iP or 2.0 mg/L-1 BAP, KIN or 2iP. The germplasm conservation of apical buds and nodal segments was achieved with 2.0 mg/L-1 AgNO3. This method could be used to conserve elite genotypes, rapid production of roots and establishment of cellular suspension for secondary compounds production.Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl., of the Anacardiaceae family, classified critically endangered, is a forest tree with considerable value in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) in the northwest of Peru and south of Ecuador. The aim of the study was callus induction, propagation and germplasm conservation using in vitro tissue culture techniques. In vitro seed germination (90%) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L-1 GA3. The cotyledonal nodes of seedlings were used as explants to initiate the growth of the apical shoots, in culture medium with the IAA-GA3 interactions, without observing growth of the axillary buds. The highest rate of friable callus induction (100%) was recorded on MS medium containing 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L-1 2,4-D in cotyledons and hypocotyls explants after 30 to 45 days of culture. The profuse roots formation was the only morphogenic response (10.8 to 13.8%) on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA, 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA 2.0 mg/L-1 BAP, KIN or 2iP or 2.0 mg/L-1 BAP, KIN or 2iP. The germplasm conservation of apical buds and nodal segments was achieved with 2.0 mg/L-1 AgNO3. This method could be used to conserve elite genotypes, rapid production of roots and establishment of cellular suspension for secondary compounds production

The genus Passiflora L (Passifloraceae) in Lambayeque Department, Peru

El género Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú. El género Passiflora cuenta con un total de 13 especies hasta ahora determinadas para Lambayeque. Estas especies, algunas con sus taxones infraespecíficos, están incluidas en los subgéneros Passiflora y Decaloba. En el presente trabajo se reportan por primera vez para Lambayeque Passiflora cisnana, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. ligularis, P. manicata, P. mathewsii, P. quadrangularis, P. suberosa, P. tarminiana y P. tripartita var. mollissima. De entre ellas, 8 están restringidas a la zona andina del departamento, entre los 1000–4000 m, de elevación, y cinco especies habitan la franja costera. Se proporciona una clave y breves descripciones de cada taxón. Además, se añaden datos corológicos, ecológicos y etnobotánicos que complementan esta investigación

Clonal propagation, callus induction and biotransformation of precursor feeding in cellular suspension of Piper aduncum L.

Piper aduncum es un arbusto o arbolillo distribuido a lo largo de América en el que se han identificado numerosos compuestos biológicamente activos. Diferentes combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento fueron ensayadas para la propagación clonal, la inducción y mantenimiento de callos y el establecimiento de suspensiones celulares. Los resultados mostraron una significativa mayor elongación del brote en el tratamiento con medio de cultivo B5 suplementado con AIA 0,02 mg/L y AG3 0,02 mg/L en comparación con otros tratamientos, la inducción de callos en varios tratamientos con BAP o ANA-BAP y el establecimiento de suspensiones celulares en varias combinaciones de auxinas (AIA, ANA o 2,4-D) - citocininas (BAP o KIN). A partir de los callos formados se establecieron suspensiones celulares y estudió la acumulación de metabolitos secundarios. En ese sentido, en suspensiones celulares se examinó el efecto de L-fenilalanina, ácido ferúlico, alcohol coniferílico y eugenol, como precursores en la producción de metabolitos secundarios. La adición de 1,0 o 5,0 mg/L de estos precursores al medio de cultivo MS estimuló la biosíntesis de diversos productos naturales. Como se había asumido, los extractos del medio de cultivo en su fase estacionaria (24 días de cultivo) mostraron la más alta variedad de compuestos acumulados. La identificación de los metabolitos secundarios acumulados en las suspensiones celulares puede proporcionar importante información para la caracterización y estudio de la biosíntesis de los compuestos fenólicos.Piper aduncum is a shrub or small tree distributed throughout the American in which many biologically active compounds were identified. The different combinations of plant growth regulators were tested for clonal propagation, callus induction and maintained and cellular suspension established. The results showed significantly higher shoot elongation in the treatment with B5 medium supplemented with 0.02 mg/L IAA and 0.02 mg/L GA3 compared to the other treatments; callus induction in several tretaments with BAP or NAA-BAP, and cellular suspension with several combinations of auxins (IAA, NAA or 2,4-D) - citokinins (BAP or KIN). From a callus culture, cell suspension were established and their metabolite accumulation studied. In this sense, the effect of L-phenyalanine, ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol and eugenol, as precursor feeding, on production of secondary metabolites in suspension cultures was examined. The addition of 1.0 or 5.0 mg/L of these precursor feeding to the MS culture medium stimulated the byosinthesis of several natural products. As predicted, extracts from the culture medium at the stationary phase (24 days of culture) showed the highest variety of accumulated compounds. The identification of secondary metabolites accumulated in cell suspension culture may provide important information for characterization and studying phenolic metabolites biosynthesis

Protocol for ex vitro and in vitro micropropagation of Cucurbita moschata and C. ecuadorensis, native to Peru and Ecuador, of nutritional and medicinal importance

Cucurbitaceae species constitute a family with a wide worldwide distribution and great nutritional and medicinal importance. The Cucurbita genus is the most important of the family with valuable species such as C. maxima and C. moschata. However, the large-scale production of sex specific plants using the conventional propagation methods has various limitations. The tissue culture such as micropropagation can help overcome these limitations. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol for ex vitro and in vitro clonal propagation of two varieties of Cucurbita moschata: ‘loche’, a variety of commercial vegetative propagation and endemic in Lambayeque, and ‘chuyán’ another variety of very restricted cultivation in some Andean regions of the north of the Peru. Likewise, the in vitro propagation of ‘chisguín’ (C. ecuadorensis), a threatened endemic wild species from the coast of Ecuador. ‘Loche’ was propagated ex vitro by microcutting with a node and leaf, and micropropagated in MS culture medium supplemented with 0.02 mg L-1 IAA and 0.02 mg L-1 GA3. Seedlings of ‘chuyán’ and ‘chisguin’ were micropropagated in MS with with 0.02 mg L-1 IAA, 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 0.02 mg L-1 GA3. This study constitutes the first report on micropropagation of Peruvian and Ecuadorian varieties and species of the Cucurbita genus

In vitro tissue culture in plants propagation and germplasm conservation of economically important species in Peru

Plant biotechnology is one of the most important tools presently available and methods to genetically manipulate plants to exhibit greater productivity, tolerance to physical and chemical stress, and resistance to pests and diseases have been developed in recent decades. In vitro plant tissue culture has contributed significantly to this purpose. The objective of this study is to apply various techniques developed by in vitro tissue culture in seed germination, meristem culture for virus elimination, micropropagation, conservation, international transfer of germplasm, and induction of various morphogenic processes that lead to the genetic variability known as somaclonal variation. The application of this set of biotechnological techniques, in crops such as cassava, sweet potato, potato, native forest species as Cedrela odorata, Ficus spp. Loxopterygium huasango, and others, sugar cane, rice, pineapple, among other haves made it possible to meet, as a matter of improvement, several of the essential needs of farmers in the region of northern Peru. The development of these technologies will allow their wide application not only in the propagation, genetic improvement and conservation of species of economic importance, food and medicine, but also in the forest species of the seasonally dry tropical forest of northern Peru

Synopsis of Ipomoea L. and Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. (Convolvulaceae) in the North of Peru (Lambayeque and surrounding areas)

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar y comentar los registros anteriores y nuevos de los géneros Ipomoea y Merremia en el departamento de Lambayeque (Perú) y zonas circundantes. Se describen 18 especies de Ipomoea y 3 especies de Merremia: Ipomoea alba, I. asarifolia, I. hederifolia, I. indica, I. nil e I. wrightii. I. aristolochiifolia, I. batatas, I. cairica, I. carnea,I. incarnata, I. parasitica, I. piurensis, I. purpurea, I. tiliacea,Merremia aegyptia, M. quinquefolia y M.umbellata son nuevos registros para la flora de Lambayeque. Incluso Ipomoea amnicola, I. dumetorum e I. quamoclit se reportan como nuevos registros en el departamento dyacente de Cajamarca. Se presentan claves para identificar las especies y los grupos intergenéricos. La distribución de cada especie es también presentada para mostrar su biogeografía

Micropropagación y conservación de germoplasma de Ficus americana Aubl. y F. obtusifolia Kunth de Lambayeque (Perú)

Ficus americana and F. obtusifolia are among the most important tree species in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) due to their evergreen condition and high levels of biomass. However, the SDTF of Lambayeque and northern Peru is greatly diminishing due to the advance of migratory agriculture, illegal mining, and deforestation. The objective of this work was to study the taxonomic aspects of both species, as well as seed germination, micropropagation, and in vitro germplasm conservation. Seed germination was 100% for both species up to three months after collection. As for micropropagation, rooting, and germplasm conservation, the Piper culture medium was effective, as it was constituted by MS mineral salts with 0.02 mg.L-1 IAA and 0.02 mg.L-1 GA3. In vitro germplasm conservation lasted more than 24 months for both species. Acclimatization under greenhouse conditions reached 50% survival for both species.Ficus americana y F. obtusifolia, se encuentran entre las especies arbóreas más importantes de los Bosques Tropicales Estacionalmente Secos (BTES) por su condición de siempre verdes y sus altos niveles de biomasa. Sin embargo, el BTES de Lambayeque y el norte de Perú está disminuyendo enormemente debido al avance de la agricultura migratoria, la minería ilegal y la deforestación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los aspectos taxonómicos de ambas especies, así como la germinación de semillas, la micropropagación y la conservación de germoplasma in vitro. La germinación de semillas fue de 100 % en ambas especies hasta tres meses después de la recolección. Respecto a la micropropagación, el enraizamiento y la conservación de germoplasma, el medio de cultivo de Piper resultó efectivo, el cual está conformado por sales minerales MS con IAA 0.02 mg.L-1 y GA3 0.02 mg.L-1. La conservación in vitro de germoplasma duró más de 24 meses en ambas especies. La aclimatación en condiciones de invernadero alcanzó 50 % de supervivencia en ambas especies

Estrutura arbórea e biomassa do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, Lambayeque, Peru

Being one of the most extensive tropical ecosystems, the seasonally dry tropical forest is one of the least studied. This study aims to determine the floristic composition, structure, and tree biomass of the Refugio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, as well as to describe the influence of environmental parameters. For this, ten 50×20 m transects were established. In each transect were evaluated the height and diameter (≥ 10 cm) of all arboreal individuals. Likewise, botanical, and edaphic collections were made. Clustering, phytosociological, multivariate and regression analyzes were applied. 263 individuals were recorded, comprising 33 species, 19 genera and 17 families. The total basal area was 11.73 m2.ha-1 and the average biomass of 152.61 t.ha-1. It was not significantly evidenced that the floristic composition would be related to edaphic variables, however, it was observed that these variables play an important role in the understanding of the fragment dynamics.Siendo uno de los ecosistemas tropicales más extensos, el bosque tropical estacionalmente seco es uno de los menos estudiados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición florística, estructura y biomasa arbórea del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, así como, describir la influencia de parámetros ambientales. Para ello, se establecieron diez transectos de 50 × 20 m. En cada transecto fueron evaluados la altura y el diámetro (≥ 10 cm) de todos los individuos arbóreos. Asimismo, se realizaron colectas botánicas y edáficas. Se aplicaron análisis de agrupamiento, fitosociológicos, multivariados y regresiones. Se registraron 263 individuos, comprendidos en 33 especies, 19 géneros y 17 familias. El área basal total fue de 11,73 m2.ha-1 y la biomasa promedio de 152,61 t.ha-1. No quedó evidenciado significativamente que la composición florística esté relacionada con las variables edáficas, sin embargo, se observó que estas variables juegan un importante rol en la comprensión de la dinámica del fragmento.L'objectif de l'étude était de déterminer la composition floristique, la structure et la biomasse des arbres du Refugio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, ainsi que de vérifier l'influence des paramètres environnementaux. Pour cela, dix transects de 50x20 ont été établis sur cinq étages. Dans chaque transect, la hauteur et le diamètre ≥ 10 cm de tous les individus arboricoles ont été évalués. De même, des collections botaniques et édaphiques ont été constituées. Des analyses de clustering, phytosociologiques, multivariées et de régression ont été appliquées. 263 individus ont été recensés, comprenant 33 espèces, 19 genres et 17 familles. Une surface terrière de 238,85 m2/ha a été enregistrée. La biomasse moyenne était de 285,58 ± 371,96 t/ha. Les sols de la région partageaient la non-salinité, la neutralité et la teneur élevée en matière organique. Il n'a pas été démontré de manière significative que la composition floristique serait liée à des variables édaphiques, cependant, il a été observé que ces variables seraient importantes pour comprendre la dynamique de la zone.Apesar de ser um dos ecossistemas tropicais mais extensos, a floresta tropical sazonalmente seca é uma das menos estudadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a composição florística, estrutura e biomassa arbórea do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa, bem como descrever a influência de seus parâmetros ambientais. Para tal fim, estabeleceu-se dez parcelas de 50 × 20 m. Em cada parcela foram avaliadas a altura e o diâmetro (≥ 10 cm) de todos os indivíduos arbóreos. Adicionalmente, realizou-se coletas botânicas e edáficas. Aplicou-se análises de agrupamento, fitosociológicas, multivariadas e de regressão. Registraram-se 263 indivíduos, compreendendo 33 espécies, 19 gêneros e 17 famílias. A área basal total foi de 11,73 m2.ha-1 e a biomassa média de 152,61 t.ha-1. Não foi evidenciado significativamente que a composição florística estaria relacionada às variáveis edáficas, entretanto, observou-se que as variáveis ambientais desempenham um papel importante na compreensão dinâmica do fragmento

Micropropagation and Germplasm Conservation of Ficus americana Aubl. and F. obtusifolia Kunth from Lambayeque (Peru)

Ficus americana and F. obtusifolia are among the most important tree species in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) due to their evergreen condition and high levels of biomass. However, the SDTF of Lambayeque and northern Peru is greatly diminishing due to the advance of migratory agriculture, illegal mining, and deforestation. The objective of this work was to study the taxonomic aspects of both species, as well as seed germination, micropropagation, and in vitro germplasm conservation. Seed germination was 100% for both species up to three months after collection. As for micropropagation, rooting, and germplasm conservation, the Piper culture medium was effective, as it was constituted by MS mineral salts with 0.02 mg.L-1 IAA and 0.02 mg.L-1 GA3. In vitro germplasm conservation lasted more than 24 months for both species. Acclimatization under greenhouse conditions reached 50% survival for both species

Producción de metabolitos secundarios en cultivo de raíces in vitro y suspensiones celulares de Ipomoea carnea spp. carnea Jacq.

Ipomoea carnea spp. carnea Jacq. es un arbusto dominante en el bosque estacionalmente seco del Perú y Ecuador. Los cultivos de raíces fueron establecidos en medio MS con diferentes concentra- ciones de AIB, sacarosa y combinaciones de AIB-sacarosa. Diver- sos explantes obtenidos de plántulas in vitro y plantas silvestres se cultivaron en diferentes combinaciones de 2,4-D, AIA, ANA y BAP, para inducir callos friables, dependiendo del tipo de explante y los reguladores de crecimiento. Suspensiones celulares se establecie- ron a partir de callos y estudiaron en su crecimiento y acumulación de metabolitos secundarios. Los metabolitos secundarios identifi- cados en cultivo de raíces y suspensiones celulares fueron feno- les, diversos flavonoides y la cumarina escopoletina