Educación pública en Lima Metropolitana en tiempos de pandemia 2020-2022: Perspectivas

This article have the purpose of analyze the effects of Covid-19 in the public education in Lima Metropolitan. First, a general overview of the effects of the pandemia in different educational stakeholders and the differents challenges that they have taken up. From 9 interviews made principals, vice-principals, and teachers of the capital of the country, is possible to conclude that the connectivity problems coupled with a lack of adequate equipment for virtual clases, has increased inequality in access to education at all educational levels. Further, we have to highlight the psychological effects of the pandemic, essentially with emotional problems in the persons involved.El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar los efectos del Covid-19 en la educación pública Lima Metropolitana. En primer lugar, se realiza una descripción general de los efectos de la pandemia en los diversos actores educativos y los diversos retos que ellos han asumido. De las 9 entrevistas realizadas a directores, subdirectores, docentes de la ciudad capital del país, se puede concluir que los problemas de conectividad unidos a la falta de equipos adecuados para las clases virtuales ha aumentado la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación en todos los niveles educativos. Además, hay que subrayar los efectos psicológicos de la pandemia, esencialmente con problemas emocionales en los involucrados

Educación pública en Lima Metropolitana en tiempos de pandemia: problemas y desafíos, 2020-2022

La presente investigación busca identificar los problemas y desafíos que la pandemia del Covid-19, ocasionó a los directivos y docentes de Lima Metropolitana entre los años 2020-2022. La investigación es de tipo básica, con un enfoque cualitativo y de diseño fenomenológico. Se ha contado con la participación de 4 directivos, 4 docentes y una especialista usándose las entrevistas, como instrumentos de recolección de información. Este instrumento paso por la revisión de dos expertos que confirmaron su validez. Se ha obtenido como resultados que los principales problemas y desafíos de los directivos y docentes entrevistados han sido la baja conectividad y la poca preparación en el uso de las TIC cuando se dio el cambio de la educación presencial a la educación virtual, adicionalmente, se identificó que el ausentismo de los estudiantes y que muchos de ellos no se conectaran a las clases fueron otros problemas y desafíos que enfrentar. Finalmente, los entrevistados han identificado diversos efectos socioemocionales en ellos y en sus estudiantes por el cambio a la educación virtual. Se identifican logros en el desarrollo de competencias digitales docentes, pero se reconoce que debe haber mayor apoyo para no perder lo aprendido

Una mirada a la investigación científica sobre el Covid-19 y sus efectos en la educación en el Perú

Abstract This article reviews publicated articles about the effects of Covid-19 in the education in Perú. First, we describe the current state of research about the effects of the pandemic in different educational stakeholders contextualize the differents challenges that they have taken up. Front he 11 articles found, it can be concluded that there are several effects in the country: the great challenge of e-learning for all, connectivity problems coupled with a lack of adequate equipment for virtual clases, increasing inequality in access to education at all levels and psychological effects of the pandemic, essentially with emotional problems. Keywords: Education; Covid-19; virtual education; pandemic; lockdown; Information and Comunications Technology; psychological impacts.El presente artículo tiene como propósito una revisión de los artículos publicados sobre los efectos del Covid-19 en la educación en el Perú. En primer lugar, se realiza una descripción general de los efectos de la pandemia en los diversos actores educativos contextualizando los diversos retos que ellos han asumido. Del análisis de 11 artículos encontrados, se puede concluir que hay varios efectos en el país: el gran reto que ha significado la educación virtual para todos, los problemas de conectividad unidos a la falta de equipos adecuados para las clases virtuales, el aumento de la desigualdad en el acceso a la educación en todos los niveles y los efectos psicológicos de la pandemia, esencialmente con problemas emocionales. Palabras Clave: Educación; Covid-19; educación virtual; pandemia; confinamiento; tecnologías de la información y comunicación; impactos psicológico

Use of pineapple waste as fuel in microbial fuel cell for the generation of bioelectricity

The excessive use of fossil sources for the generation of electrical energy and the increase in different organic wastes have caused great damage to the environment; these problems have promoted new ways of generating electricity in an eco-friendly manner using organic waste. In this sense, this research uses single-chamber microbial fuel cells with zinc and copper as electrodes and pineapple waste as fuel (substrate). Current and voltage peaks of 4.95667 ± 0.54775 mA and 0.99 ± 0.03 V were generated on days 16 and 20, respectively, with the substrate operating at an acid pH of 5.21 ± 0.18 and an electrical conductivity of 145.16 ± 9.86 mS/cm at two degrees Brix. Thus, it was also found that the internal resistance of the cells was 865.845 ± 4.726 Ω, and a maximum power density of 513.99 ± 6.54 mW/m2 was generated at a current density of 6.123 A/m2 , and the final FTIR spectrum showed a clear decrease in the initial transmittance peaks. Finally, from the biofilm formed on the anodic electrode, it was possible to molecularly identify the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus with 99.82% accuracy. In this way, this research provides a method that companies exporting and importing this fruit may use to generate electrical energy from its waste.Campus Trujill

Use of onion waste as fuel for the generation of bioelectricity

The enormous environmental problems that arise from organic waste have increased due to the significant population increase worldwide. Microbial fuel cells provide a novel solution for the use of waste as fuel for electricity generation. In this investigation, onion waste was used, and managedtogeneratemaximumpeaksof4.459±0.0608mAand0.991±0.02Vofcurrentandvoltage, respectively. The conductivity values increased rapidly to 179,987±2859 mS/cm, while the optimal pH in which the most significant current was generated was 6968 ± 0.286, and the ◦ Brix values decreased rapidly due to the degradation of organic matter. The microbial fuel cells showed a low internal resistance (154,389±5228 Ω), with a power density of 595.69±15.05 mW/cm2 at a current density of 6.02 A/cm2; these values are higher than those reported by other authors in the literature. The diffractogram spectra of the onion debris from FTIR show a decrease in the most intense peaks, compared to the initial ones with the final ones. It was possible to identify the species Pseudomona eruginosa, Acinetobacter bereziniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Yarrowia lipolytica adhered to the anode electrode at the end of the monitoring using the molecular technique

Effect of x on the Electrochemical Performance of Two-Layered Cathode Materials xLi2MnO3–(1−x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2

In our study, the cathodic material xLi2MnO3–(1−x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 was synthesized by means of the co-precipitation technique. The effect of x (proportion of components Li2MnO3 and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2) on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical performance of the material was evaluated. Materials were structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphological analysis was performed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, while charge–discharge curves and differential capacity and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical behavior. The results confirm the formation of the structures with two phases corresponding to the rhombohedral space group R3m and the monoclinic space group C2/m, which was associated to the components of the layered material. Very dense agglomerations of particles between 10 and 20 µm were also observed. In addition, the increase in the proportion of the LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 component affected the initial irreversible capacity and the Li2MnO3 layer’s activation and cycling performance, suggesting an optimal chemical ratio of the material’s component layers to ensure high energy density and long-term durability

Preliminary Study of Bioelectricity Generation Using Lettuce Waste as Substrate by Microbial Fuel Cells

"Agricultural waste negatively impacts the environment and generates economic difficulties for agro-industrial companies and farmers. As a result, it is necessary for an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to managing this type of waste. Therefore, the research aimed to investigate lettuce waste as an alternative substrate to generate bioelectricity in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (scMFCs). It was possible to report voltage and electric current peaks of 0.959 ± 0.026 V and 5.697 ± 0.065 mA on the fourteenth day, values that were attained with an optimum pH of 7.867 ± 0.147 and with an electrical conductivity of 118.964 ± 8.888 mS/cm. Moreover, as time passed the values began to decline slowly. The calculated value of maximum power density was 378.145 ± 5.417 mW/cm2 whose current density was 5.965 A/cm2 , while the internal resistance reported using Ohm’s Law was 87.594 ± 6.226 Ω. Finally, it was possible to identify the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacterium (99.59%) on a molecular scale, as one of the microorganisms present in the anodic biofilm. The three microbial fuel cells were connected in series and demonstrated that they were capable of lighting an LED bulb, with a voltage of 2.18 V.

Golden Berry Waste for Electricity Generation

The environmental problems caused by the excessive use of fossil fuels for electricity generation have led to the development of new technologies. Microbial fuel cells constitute a technology that uses organic sources for electricity generation. This research gives a novel means of using Golden Berry waste as fuel for electricity generation through microbial fuel cells made at low cost, achieving current and voltage peaks of 4.945 ± 0.150 mA and 1.03 ± 0.02 V, respectively. Conductivity values increased up to 148 ± 1 mS/cm and pH increased up to 8.04 ± 0.12 on the last day. The internal resistance of cells was 194.04 ± 0.0471 Ω, while power density was 62.5 ± 2 mW/cm2 at a current density of 0.049 A/cm2. Transmittance peaks of the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed a decrease when comparing the initial and final spectra, while the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was molecularly identified with an identity percentage of 99.93%. The three cells connected in series managed to generate 2.90 V, enough to turn on a TV remote control. This research has great potential to be scalable if it is possible to increase the electrical parameters, generating great benefits for companies, farmers, and the population involved in the production and marketing of this fruit

Generation of Electricity Through Papaya Waste at Different pH

A large amount of fruit waste is being a great environmental and social problem due to a lack of adequate storage. Among the most abundant waste is papaya, due to its high consumption in various varieties. These wastes can generate bioelectricity through organic waste, being an important parameter the pH. In this research, lowcost laboratory-scale microbial fuel cells were fabricated, using papaya waste as fuel at different pH (4, 5.73, 7, and 9) to obtain the optimum operating pH. It was possible to observe the maximum values of electric current and voltage of 17.97 mA and 1.02 V on days 16 and 14, in the cell with pH 7; while the cell with pH was the one that showed the lowest values. The electrical conductivity values increased from the first day, observing a maximum peak of 172.50 mS/cm for the cell with pH 7. However, the internal resistance values were low, the maximum value being for the cell with pH 4 (234.61 ± 34 Ω) and the minimum for the cell with pH 7 (46.543 ± 3.6Ω). In the same way, the maximum power density was for the cell with pH 7 of approximately 645.74 ± 33.64 mW/cm2 and a current density of 5.42 A/cm2

In Vitro Effect of Molasses Concentration, pH, and Time on Chromium Removal by Trichoderma spp. from the Effluents of a Peruvian Tannery

The effluents generated by the tannery industry have a high content of chromium and other toxic elements, representing a potential threat to ecosystems. An eco-friendly alternative to treat these effluents is the use of microorganisms, such as fungi, with the capacity to biosorb heavy metals. The present work aims to determine the effect of the molasses concentration, pH variation, and time on the removal of total chromium using the filamentous fungus Trichoderma spp. An experimental design was adopted using pH (4 and 6), concentrations of molasses (0.5 and 1%), and time (8 and 12 days) as independent variables. The Trichoderma inoculum was constant in all the treatments. The different treatments were evaluated after 0, 8, and 12 days by taking 50 mL of sample from each bioreactor. The chromium concentration was subsequently determined in each sample. The results show that treatment 3 (1% molasses and pH 4) showed higher chromium removal after both 8 and 12 days. The concentrations of total chromium decreased from 665 mg/mL to values of 568 mg/mL by day 8 and 486 mg/mL by day 12. These values are, however, still above the maximum threshold imposed by Peruvian law regarding the discharge of non-domestic effluents into the sewage system. The results show that Trichoderma spp. can increasingly remove chromium from the effluent with longer incubation periods. However, future studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms of chromium biosorption by the fungus and the influence of other physicochemical parameters