Convergence of time averages of weak solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

Using the concept of stationary statistical solution, which generalizes the notion of invariant measure, it is proved that, in a suitable sense, time averages of almost every Leray-Hopf weak solution of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations converge as the averaging time goes to infinity. This system of equations is not known to be globally well-posed, and the above result answers a long-standing problem, extending to this system a classical result from ergodic theory. It is also showed that, from a measure-theoretic point of view, the stationary statistical solution obtained from a generalized limit of time averages is independent of the choice of the generalized limit. Finally, any Borel subset of the phase space with positive measure with respect to a stationary statistical solution is such that for almost all initial conditions in that Borel set and for at least one Leray-Hopf weak solution starting with that initial condition, the corresponding orbit is recurrent to that Borel subset and its mean sojourn time within that Borel subset is strictly positive.Comment: Version 2: fixed some typos; added some references; and expanded some sentences and some remarks for the sake of clarit

Preliminary testing using Mokken scaling of an Italian translation of the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED-I) scale

© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Purpose: To study the psychometric properties of an Italian version of the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED-I) Scale. Background: The EdFED Scale is the only validated instrument that measures difficulty with feeding in older people with dementia. The original English version of the EdFED had three factors measuring: behavioral aspects of feeding difficulty (obstinacy/passivity); indicators of feeding difficulty; and nursing interventions. Methods: Participants affected by dementia and living in nursing homes (n = 210) were selected. Data collectors were trained to observe the residents' eating problems and their food intake. The data were analyzed using Mokken scaling and Pearson's correlation. Results: The Italian version of the EdFED Scale formed a Mokken scale which correlated in the expected direction with measures of residents' weight, Body Mass Index, time taken to eat, Mini Mental State Examination score and Barthel Index according to the unmet needs model of Cohen-Mansfield. Conclusions: The EdFED-I shows reasonable psychometric properties and can be used for the assessment of feeding difficulty in Italian samples of older people with dementia. However, further work with larger samples is required to test the utility of the whole range of items and the necessity of their inclusion in the EdFED-I

Plain language about shift-work

"Basic facts about shiftwork and suggestions for making life while on shift work easier were provided. General topics discussed included how to examine work schedules, health and safety effects of shiftwork, improving shiftwork through the organization, and coping strategies for the individual. Important factors to consider included shift length, how many shifts between rest days, how many rest days are on weekends, overtime, rest is taken between shifts, rest is taken during the shift, and whether the work schedule is regular and predictable. Shiftwork has immediate effects on sleep habits; attendant sleep loss makes it far easier to fall asleep at inappropriate times, affecting a worker's ability to perform safely and efficiently. The internal circadian rhythm affects how alert people feel, which in turn affects their ability to perform. Workers performing poorly are more likely to make errors that could result in accidents or injuries. Psychological concerns include missing out on family and social activities. Long term health effects include digestive problems and heart disease. Suggestions were offered to improve shift work schedule design. Coping strategies for the individual included getting enough good sleep, protecting sleep time, getting exercise, using relaxation techniques, maintaining a proper diet, using bright light to change peak alertness periods, and avoiding overuse of caffeine, alcohol or other drugs. " - NIOSHTIC-2Roger R. Rosa, Michael J. Colligan.Shipping list no.: 98-0018-P.Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-38)

Properties of time-dependent statistical solutions of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

This work is devoted to the concept of statistical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, proposed as a rigorous mathematical object to address the fundamental concept of ensemble average used in the study of the conventional theory of fully developed turbulence. Two types of statistical solutions have been proposed in the 1970's, one by Foias and Prodi and the other one by Vishik and Fursikov. In this article, a new, intermediate type of statistical solution is introduced and studied. This solution is a particular type of a statistical solution in the sense of Foias and Prodi which is constructed in a way akin to the definition given by Vishik and Fursikov, in such a way that it possesses a number of useful analytical properties.Comment: Accepted for publication in Annales de l'Institute Fourie

Razón entre atención ambulatoria y hospitalaria : un indicador para el área de salud mental

Objective: to create a mathematical ratio indicator between outpatient and inpatient care in mental health in the SUS. Methodology: a quantitative approach of secondary data from DATASUS (SIH/SUS and SIA/SUS) of residents in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre – RS in the 2015-2017 period was used. Results: there was a ratio of 12.9 outpatient visits (from 0.2 to 1,248.2/10,000 inhabitants/year) per hospitalization (from 4.9 to 77.1/10,000 inhabitants/year) in mental health for all residents in the territory studied and a mean of 17.1 (95% CI: 10.5-23.7) considering by municipality (range from 0.0 to 82.3). The ratio was higher for females (14.4) when compared to males (11.8) in 22%. There is a bimodal distribution with higher ratios between outpatient and inpatient care in the age groups of 0-19 (20.0) and 45-59 (17.3) years old. Conclusion: the DATASUS data showed significant disparity in results, but they can contribute to a better organization and management of the Psychosocial Care Network in the SUS. There is a need for greater care and surveillance when correcting the information provided by the municipalities. In this sense, the ratio that was created may come to represent an indicator of information quality.Objetivo: construir um indicador de razão matemática entre os atendimentos ambulatoriais e hospitalares em saúde mental no SUS. Metodologia: foi utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa dos dados secundários do DATASUS (SIH/SUS e SIA/SUS) de residentes na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre – RS no período 2015-2017. Resultados: obteve-se uma razão de 12,9 atendimentos ambulatoriais (0,2 a 1248,2/10 mil hab./ano) por hospitalização (4,9 a 77,1/10 mil hab./ano) em saúde mental para todos os residentes no território estudado e média de 17,1 (IC95% 10,5-23,7) considerando por município (amplitude de 0,0 a 82,3). A razão foi maior para o sexo feminino (14,4) em relação ao masculino (11,8) em 22%. Há uma distribuição bimodal com maiores razões entre atendimentos ambulatoriais e hospitalares nas faixas etárias de 0-19 anos (20,0) e 45-59 anos (17,3). Conclusão: os dados do DATASUS evidenciaram grande disparidade nos resultados, mas podem contribuir para melhor organização e gestão da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial no SUS. Há necessidade de maior cuidado e vigilância perante a correção das informações fornecidas pelos municípios. Nesse sentido, a razão construída pode vir a representar um indicador de qualidade da informação.Objetivo: formular un indicador a partir de la razón matemática entre atención ambulatoria y hospitalaria en salud mental en el SUS. Metodología: se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo para los datos secundarios del DATASUS (SIH/SUS y SIA/SUS) de residentes de la Región Metropolitana de Porto Alegre - RS en el período 2015-2017. Resultados: se obtuvo una razón de 12,9 atenciones ambulatorias (0,2 a 1248,2/10 mil habitantes/año) por hospitalización (4,9 a 77,1/10 mil habitantes/año) en salud mental para todos los residentes en el territorio estudiado y una media de 17,1 (IC 95% 10,5-23,7) por municipio (rango de 0,0 a 82,3). El valor de la razón fue 22% mayor para el sexo femenino (14,4) que para el masculino (11,8). Existe una distribución bimodal con valores mayores de razón entre atención ambulatoria y hospitalaria para las franjas etarias de 0-19 años (20,0) y de 45-59 años (17,3). Conclusión: los datos del DATASUS muestran una gran disparidad en los resultados, pero pueden contribuir a mejorar la organización y gestión de la Red de Atención Psicosocial en el SUS. Es necesario un mayor cuidado y vigilancia para corregir la información proporcionada por los municipios. Por lo tanto, la razón formulada, puede ser un indicador de la calidad de la información

Normal delivery and cesarean section : cost per brazilian regions, 2015

OBJECTIVE: To describe the number of funds made by the Brazilian National Health System to normal delivery and cesarean procedures, according to the Brazilian regions in 2015, and estimate the cost cutting if the recommendation concerning the prevalence of cesarean deliveries by the World Health Organization (10 to 15%) were respected. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Health System. The variables considered were the type of delivery (cesarean section and normal), geographic region of admission, length of stay and amount paid for admission in 2015. RESULTS: In the year 2015, there were 984,307 admissions to perform labor in the five Brazilian regions, of which 36.2% were cesarean section. The Northeast and Southeast regions were the two regions that had the highest number of normal deliveries and cesarean sections. The overall average hospital stay for delivery was 3.2 days. About R$650 million (US$ 208,5 million) were paid, 45% of the total in cesarean deliveries. If the maximum prevalence proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) were considered, there would be a potential reduction in spending in the order of R$57.7 million (US$ 18,5 million). CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean sections are above the parameter recommended by the WHO in all Brazilian regions. The Northeast and Southeast had the highest total number of normal and cesarean deliveries and thus the greatest potential reduction in estimated costs (69.6% of all considered reduction)

Sensitivity and specificity of a brief scale to evaluate psychological violence at work in Peruvian health professionals

Objective: Most studies in Latin America that evaluate psychological violence at work (PVW) focus on measuring occurrences of PVW. However, the discriminative validity and randomness of instruments used for evaluating incidents of PVW that are generated by agents internal to the workplace in the Peruvian health sector have not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Scale of Psychological Violence in Health Professionals (SVP-Health) in the Peruvian population. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study based on the two-stage administration of guided surveys and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis was performed. Results: The study included 188 professionals from ten care centres in Peru. The professionals were divided into two groups of 94 subjects: those who had experienced PVW and those who had not. The average age of the participants was 36.8±10.5 years; their work experience ranged between one and 35 years; and 59% of the sample were women. According to an analysis based on the ROC curve, (a) there was a significant area under the curve (AUC=0.899) with adequate randomness; and (b) the SPV-Health adequately distinguished subjects with PVW from those without PVW (89% versus 94%)

A note on statistical solutions of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations: The stationary case

Stationary statistical solutions of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible fluids are considered. They are a mathematical formalization of the notion of ensemble average for turbulent flows in statistical equilibrium in time. They are also a generalization of the notion of invariant measure to the case of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, for which a global uniqueness result is not known to exist and a semigroup may not be well-defined in the classical sense. The two classical definitions of stationary statistical solutions are considered and compared, one of them being a particular case of the other and possessing a number of useful properties. Furthermore, the so-called time-average stationary statistical solutions, obtained as generalized limits of time averages of weak solutions as the averaging time goes to infinity are shown to belong to this more restrictive class. A recurrent type result is also obtained for statistical solutions satisfying an accretion condition. Finally, the weak global attractor of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations is considered, and in particular it is shown that there exists a topologically large subset of the weak global attractor which is of full measure with respect to that particular class of stationary statistical solutions and which has a certain regularity property.Indisponível