21 research outputs found
CROSS COMPLIANCE AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EUROPEAN BEEF AND PIG SECTOR
Beef and pig production are important sectors affected by the cross-compliance policy. Full compliance with SMRs and GAECs generates costs and benefits which may have an impact on the competitiveness of these sectors on the world market. Compliance with the Nitrate Directive, animal identification and registration requirements and animal welfare standards can give rise to non-negligible cost of production increases at individual farm level and at sector level. Additional costs can be relevant either due to a low degree of compliance or by significant adjustments costs at farm level. Full compliance generates a level playing field between Member States of the EU, as some countries have to face higher additional costs than others, which are be attributed to differences in degree of compliance. This paper first presents evidence of additional costs at individual farm level due to full compliance. Then for beef and pork a methodology has been developed in order to calculate sector cost impacts following an upcsaling procedure for each of the analysed directives. Simulations with the GTAP model have enabled an assessment of the trade effect of compliance with standards and the impact on the external competitiveness of the EU beef and pork production. In some policy fields covered by cross-compliance important trade partners such as Canada, USA and New Zealand have implemented policies similar to the EU. In these three countries comparable standards to those in the EU were identified and the level and cost of compliance have been assessed. The pig sector will be affected most by a unilateral compliance with standards in the EU, in particular as the Nitrate Directive is concerned. Within the EU pig production costs will rise by 0.545 %. Imports may increase by 4% and exports may fall by 3%. However full application of the Clean Water Act in the US, which contains similar obligations to the Nitrate Directive, generates a significant sector cost increase (1,08%) which may counterbalance the loss of competitiveness of EU pork production towards the US. Compliance with the mandatory animal welfare standards has only minor cost implications and has negligible effects on external competitiveness of the EU both because of a high degree of compliance and relatively low adjustment costs at farm level. Finally, in many EU member states the degree of compliance of beef farms with the animal registration and identification directives is below 100%. Additional costs for full compliance within the EU have been estimated at 0.455%, which may cause an increase of beef imports of 2.21% and a decline of exports of â2.12%. This loss in competitiveness of the EU will further favour the position of Brazil on the world beef market. At the other hand significant benefits are obtained in food security of EU beef.Cross compliance, beef sector, pork sector, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q10, Q18,
Cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across large river basins in Europe, Africa and Asia
A cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across regions was performed, considering six large river basins as case study areas. Three of the basins, namely the Elbe, Guadiana, and Rhine, are located in Europe, the Nile Equatorial Lakes region and the Orange basin are in Africa, and the Amudarya basin is in Central Asia. The evaluation was based mainly on the opinions of policy makers and water management experts in the river basins. The adaptation strategies were evaluated considering the following issues: expected climate change, expected climate change impacts, drivers for development of adaptation strategy, barriers for adaptation, state of the implementation of a range of water management measures, and status of adaptation strategy implementation. The analysis of responses and cross-comparison were performed with rating the responses where possible. According to the expert opinions, there is an understanding in all six regions that climate change is happening. Different climate change impacts are expected in the basins, whereas decreasing annual water availability, and increasing frequency and intensity of droughts (and to a lesser extent floods) are expected in all of them. According to the responses, the two most important drivers for development of adaptation strategy are: climate-related disasters, and national and international policies. The following most important barriers for adaptation to climate change were identified by responders: spatial and temporal uncertainties in climate projections, lack of adequate financial resources, and lack of horizontal cooperation. The evaluated water resources management measures are on a relatively high level in the Elbe and Rhine basins, followed by the Orange and Guadiana. It is lower in the Amudarya basin, and the lowest in the NEL region, where many measures are only at the planning stage. Regarding the level of adaptation strategy implementation, it can be concluded that the adaptation to climate change has started in all basins, but progresses rather slowly
Serial Coronary Imaging of Early Atherosclerosis Development in Fast-Food-Fed Diabetic and Nondiabetic Swine
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for atherosclerosis-related events compared to non-DM (NDM) patients. With an expected worldwide epidemic of DM, early detection of anatomic and functional coronary atherosclerotic changes is gaining attention. To improve our understanding of early atherosclerosis development, we studied a swine model that gradually developed coronary atherosclerosis. Interestingly, optical coherence tomography, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), vascular function, and histology demonstrated no differences between development of early atherosclerosis in fast-food-fed (FF) DM swine and that in FF-NDM swine. Coronary computed tomography angiography did not detect early atherosclerosis, but optical coherence tomography and near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrated coronary atherosclerosis development in FF-DM and FF-NDM swine
Reconstructing single-cell karyotype alterations in colorectal cancer identifies punctuated and gradual diversification patterns
Central to tumor evolution is the generation of genetic diversity. However, the extent and patterns by which de novo karyotype alterations emerge and propagate within human tumors are not well understood, especially at single-cell resolution. Here, we present 3D Live-Seqâa protocol that integrates live-cell imaging of tumor organoid outgrowth and whole-genome sequencing of each imaged cell to reconstruct evolving tumor cell karyotypes across consecutive cell generations. Using patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids and fresh tumor biopsies, we demonstrate that karyotype alterations of varying complexity are prevalent and can arise within a few cell generations. Sub-chromosomal acentric fragments were prone to replication and collective missegregation across consecutive cell divisions. In contrast, gross genome-wide karyotype alterations were generated in a single erroneous cell division, providing support that aneuploid tumor genomes can evolve via punctuated evolution. Mapping the temporal dynamics and patterns of karyotype diversification in cancer enables reconstructions of evolutionary paths to malignant fitness
A comparison of DSM-5 and DSM-IV agoraphobia in the World Mental Health Surveys
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5 (DSM-5) definition of agoraphobia (AG) as an independent diagnostic entity makes it timely to re-examine the epidemiology of AG. Study objective was to present representative data on the characteristics of individuals who meet DSM-IV criteria for AG (AG without a history of panic disorder [PD] and PD with AG) but not DSM-5 criteria, DSM-5 but not DSM-IV criteria, or both sets of criteria.Population-based surveys from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative including adult respondents (nâ=â136,357) from 27 countries across the world. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess AG and other disorders.Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-5 AG (1.5% and 1.0%) were comparable to DSM-IV (1.4% and 0.9%). Of respondents meeting criteria in either system, 57.1% met criteria in both, while 24.2% met criteria for DSM-5 only and 18.8% for DSM-IV only. Severe role impairment due to AG was reported by a lower proportion of respondents who met criteria only for DSM-IV AG (30.4%) than those with both DSM-5 and DSM-IV AG (44.0%; Ï â=â4.7; Pâ=â0.031). The proportion of cases with any comorbidity was lower among respondents who met criteria only for DSM-IV AG (78.7%) than those who met both sets (92.9%; Ï =â14.5; P
CROSS COMPLIANCE AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EUROPEAN BEEF AND PIG SECTOR
Beef and pig production are important sectors affected by the cross-compliance policy.
Full compliance with SMRs and GAECs generates costs and benefits which may have an
impact on the competitiveness of these sectors on the world market. Compliance with the
Nitrate Directive, animal identification and registration requirements and animal welfare
standards can give rise to non-negligible cost of production increases at individual farm level
and at sector level. Additional costs can be relevant either due to a low degree of compliance
or by significant adjustments costs at farm level. Full compliance generates a level playing
field between Member States of the EU, as some countries have to face higher additional
costs than others, which are be attributed to differences in degree of compliance.
This paper first presents evidence of additional costs at individual farm level due to
full compliance. Then for beef and pork a methodology has been developed in order to
calculate sector cost impacts following an upcsaling procedure for each of the analysed
directives. Simulations with the GTAP model have enabled an assessment of the trade effect
of compliance with standards and the impact on the external competitiveness of the EU beef
and pork production.
In some policy fields covered by cross-compliance important trade partners such as
Canada, USA and New Zealand have implemented policies similar to the EU. In these three
countries comparable standards to those in the EU were identified and the level and cost of
compliance have been assessed. The pig sector will be affected most by a unilateral
compliance with standards in the EU, in particular as the Nitrate Directive is concerned.
Within the EU pig production costs will rise by 0.545 %. Imports may increase by 4% and
exports may fall by 3%. However full application of the Clean Water Act in the US, which
contains similar obligations to the Nitrate Directive, generates a significant sector cost
increase (1,08%) which may counterbalance the loss of competitiveness of EU pork
production towards the US.
Compliance with the mandatory animal welfare standards has only minor cost
implications and has negligible effects on external competitiveness of the EU both because of
a high degree of compliance and relatively low adjustment costs at farm level.
Finally, in many EU member states the degree of compliance of beef farms with the
animal registration and identification directives is below 100%. Additional costs for full
compliance within the EU have been estimated at 0.455%, which may cause an increase of
beef imports of 2.21% and a decline of exports of â2.12%. This loss in competitiveness of the
EU will further favour the position of Brazil on the world beef market. At the other hand
significant benefits are obtained in food security of EU beef
The Effect of a Social Robot on Children's Pain and Anxiety During Blood Draw
Healthcare practitioners often use distraction techniques to ease children's anxiety during blood draws. This study explored the effectiveness of a social robot, Softbank Robotics NAO, in reducing anxiety and pain for children aged 4-12 during blood draws. The robot engaged with children using behaviors tailored to the children's age. Interestingly, results indicated the robot significantly increased anxiety, but pain levels remained unchanged. We argue that this effect may result from the robot's novelty and that, over the long term, the robot could have a positive impact on anxiety, consistent with other studies. This research underscores the potential of social robots to alleviate children's anxiety in medical procedures, enhancing patient experience in pediatric healthcare
Costs of compliance with EU regulations and competitiveness of the EU dairy sector
The introduction of cross-compliance
mechanism in the European Union with its 2003 CAP-reform
might affect the costs of production and thus
competitiveness of the EU. Little evidence is available to
asses the costs of compliance with regulations and it implication
for trade. In this study a farm level competitiveness
analysis of the impacts of the Nitrate Directive
and the Identification & registration Directive focuses
on the dairy sector in Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands
and UK (within EU), and the US and New Zealand
(outside EU). The findings from this study are integrated
into a trade analysis which assesses the impact of
compliance costs on competitiveness of the various trading
nations in global trade. Representative farm studies
were used as a basis for the cost increase calculations.
Best-estimates of compliance are used from the existing
literature and expert judgements. The negative impact
of these measures (for nitrates, and animal identification
and registration) on EU imports and exports are less
than 3 percent. If a smaller increase in compliance takes
place, these already relatively small trade impacts will
be further diminished. When the standards for nitrate
pollution taken by the US and New Zealand are taken
into account along with full compliance assumption in
all countries analysed, this would only slightly improve
the EU exports. The trade impacts obtained when no
changes are assumed to happen in key competitor countries
can thus be argued as providing the upper bound of
the likely trade impacts
CT-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRct) for functional coronary artery evaluation in the follow-up of patients after heart transplantation
Objectives Invasively measured fractional fow reserve (FFR) is associated with outcome in heart transplant (HTx) patients. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)âderived FFR (FFRct) provides additional functional information from anatomical CT images. We describe the frst use of FFRct in HTx patients. Methods HTx patients underwent CCTA with FFRct to screen for cardiac allograft vasculopathy. FFRct was measured distal to each coronary stenosis>30% and FFRctâ€0.8 indicated hemodynamically signifcant stenosis. FFRct was also measured at the most distal location of each vessel. Overall distal FFRct was calculated as the mean of the distal values in the left, right, and circumfex coronary artery in each patient. Results Seventy-three patients (age 56 (42â65) years, 63% males) at 11 (8â16) years after HTx were included. Eighteen (25%) patients had a focal hemodynamically signifcant stenosis (stenosis>30% with FFRctâ€0.8). In the 55 patients without a hemodynamically signifcant focal FFRct stenosis (FFRct>0.80), the distal left anterior descending artery FFRct was<0.90 in 74% of the patients and 10 (18%) patients hadâ„1 coronary artery with a distal FFRctâ€0.8, including 1 with a distal FFRctâ€0.8 in all coronaries. Overall distal FFRct in patients without focal stenosis was 0.88 (0.86â0.91), 0.87 (0.86â0.90), and 0.88 (0.86â0.91) (median with 25thâ75th percentile) at 5â9, 10â14, orâ„15 years post-transplantation, respectively (p=0.93). Conclusions FFRct performed on CCTA scans of HTx patients demonstrated that 25% of patients had a focal coronary stenosis with FFRctâ€0.8. Even without a focal stenosis, FFRct values are often abnormal in HTx patients. Key Points âą This is the frst report describing the use of FFRct in in heart transplant patients. âą FFRct identifes patients after heart transplantation with hemodynamically signifcant coronary stenosis. âą Even without a focal stenosis, FFRct values are often abnormal in heart transplant patients