Antes do pré-sal: emissões de gases de efeito estufa do setor de petróleo e gás no Brasil

The Brazilian Energy Matrix is known to be one of the most renewable of the world. Due to the size of the oil reserves found in the Pre-salt fields doubts are pointed if these energy and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions pattern will remain. The scientific goal of this article is to identify the historical profile of the sector's fugitive GHG emissions due to the oil & gas production, refining and transportation in Brazil from 1990 to 2008, period of time before the Pre-salt layer hydrocarbon resources exploration. Here we show that the total GHG emissions increased around 115% from 1990 to 2008 - an annual emission increase of 8.2 million tCO2. However, the GHG intensity per ton oil equivalent produced was reduce by 32%.O Brasil possui uma das matrizes energéticas mais renováveis do planeta. Em razão da dimensão das reservas de hidrocarbonetos nos campos do pré-sal, abrem-se dúvidas sobre a manutenção desse padrão de matriz energética e de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) do setor. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o padrão histórico das emissões fugitivas de GEE do setor de produção, transporte e refino de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil de 1990 a 2008, anterior ao processo de exploração do pré-sal. Conclui-se que as emissões absolutas aumentaram no período em cerca de 115% - incremento anual de 8,2 milhões de tCO2e. Porém, observou-se uma queda na relação de emissões de GEE por tonelada equivalente de petróleo produzida de 32%

Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) as a tool to predict clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients: a literature review

The presence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients is prevalent and studies show its association with a higher incidence of complications, mortality, length of stay, costs, and increased frequency of hospital readmission. Routine use of simple tracking procedures is recommended. Nutritional screening detects individuals who are malnourished or at risk of developing malnutrition, and who can receive specific nutritional support. Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) is a nutritional screening method recommended by the European Society for Clinical and Metabolism (ESPEN) and identifies the risk of developing malnutrition in hospitalized patients. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the NRS screening method (2002) and its relationship with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients

Burden of disease from COVID-19 and its acute and chronic complications: reflections on measurement (DALYs) and prospects for the Brazilian Unified National Health System

COVID-19 is an acute infectious respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The disease is highly communicable and produces mild to severe symptoms, generating a high demand for intensive care and thousands of deaths. In March 2020, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and has already surpassed five million cases and 300,000 deaths in the world. The natural history of the disease has still not been fully established, hindering the elaboration of effective clinical protocols and preventive measures. Nevertheless, the disease requires a systemic approach, since there is evidence of acute and chronic complications, in addition to the catastrophic effects on the population\u27s mental health. This highlights the need for a methodology that more effectively captures the effect of COVID-19, considering such aspects as severity, duration, and the potential to generate chronic complications that will increase the demands on Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). DALYs, or disability-adjusted life years, are thus an extremely useful indictor that adds mortality, an estimate of years of life lost (YLLs), and morbidity, an estimate of years of life lived with disability (YLDs). This article discusses the relevance and difficulties of studying the burden of COVID-19 and its complications in the Brazilian context, highlighting the natural history of the disease and estimating indicators such as YLDs, considering the high burden of disease in planning strategies to deal with the consequences of COVID-19 after the pandemic. The article also discusses the future challenges to deal with the disease in the SUS and the effects on the calculation of DALYs

Classificação Preliminar de Corpos d’água com Base na Resolução Conama nº 357/2005: Caso do Rio Meia Ponte - GO

O artigo tem como objetivo classificar um trecho do rio Meia Ponte com base nos parâmetros estabelecidos pela resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005, tendo como pontos de coleta os municípios de Itauçú, Inhumas, Goiânia e Pontalina, estado de Goiás. A bacia hidrográfica do rio Meia Ponte faz parte do complexo hidrográfico da bacia do rio Paraná, tendo uma área aproximada de 12.180 km². A investigação das amostras de água nos pontos de coleta do trecho do Meia Ponte foram realizadas por meio de análises físico-químicas. Especificamente para este estudo, foram avaliados: oxigênio dissolvido (OD), pH, DBO5,20°C, DQO e turbidez. No total, foram avaliadas 12 amostras em quatro pontos de coleta distintos nos meses de novembro e dezembro no ano de 2014. Os resultados mostraram que temporariamente os parâmetros pH, turbidez e DBO das amostras de água avaliadas atenderam os limites ambientais exigidos pela resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. Porém, os parâmetros de turbidez e OD das amostras sofreram diferentes alterações ao longo do período analisado, possivelmente justificado pela chegada do período chuvoso. Sugere-se que a classificação do rio Meia Ponte de acordo com a resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 seja estabelecida por trechos e que pode ser modificada ao longo do tempo por influencia urbana e variáveis hidrológicas e climatológicas

Genetic parameters and selection of black bean lines for resistance to fusarium wilt and yield

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos em linhagens de feijão-preto (Phaseolus vulgaris) para reação à murcha-de-fusário (RMF), produtividade e massa de 100 grãos (M100), em condições de campo naturalmente infestado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, bem como selecionar linhagens que combinem os fenótipos desejáveis para as três características simultaneamente. Para tanto, 116 linhagens obtidas de duas populações segregantes e cinco cultivares-testemunha foram avaliadas em delineamento experimental látice triplo 11×11, nas safras de inverno de 2015 e 2016, com semeadura em maio. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas foram altas: 91, 75 e 92% para RMF, produtividade e M100, respectivamente. Correlações genéticas significativas de -0,93 foram detectadas entre RMF e produtividade e de -0,28 entre RMF e M100, o que indica que linhagens mais resistentes apresentam maior produtividade e maior tamanho de grão. A seleção direta para cada uma das características levou a aumentos de 34% na resistência à MF, 11% na produtividade e 9,0% na M100. A seleção simultânea para as três características também levou a altos ganhos de 22,1% para RMF, 6,6% para produtividade e 7,7% para M100. Assim, há variabilidade genética e alta possibilidade de sucesso com a seleção. Cinco linhagens – CNFP 19237, CNFP 19346, CNFP 19320, CNFP 19291, and CNFP 19306 – apresentam maior potencial genético.The objective of this work was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines for reaction to fusarium wilt (RFW), yield, and 100-seed weight (100SW) under conditions of a field naturally infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, as well as to select lines that combine the desirable phenotypes for the three traits simultaneously. For this, 116 lines obtained from two segregating populations and five check cultivars were evaluated using an 11×11 triple lattice experimental design, in the winter crop seasons of 2015 and 2016, with sowing in May. The obtained heritability estimates were high: 91, 75, and 92% for RFW, yield, and 100SW, respectively. Significant genetic correlations of -0.93 were detected between RFW and yield and of -0.28 between RFW and 100SW, indicating that more resistant lines have a higher yield and a larger grain size. Direct selection for each trait led to increases of 34% in resistance to FW, 11% in yield, and 9.0% in 100SW. Simultaneous selection for the three traits led to high gains of 22.1% for RFW, 6.6% for yield, and 7.7% for 100SW. Therefore, there is genetic variability and a high possibility of success from selection. Five lines – CNFP 19237, CNFP 19346, CNFP 19320, CNFP 19291, and CNFP 19306 – show a higher genetic potential

Avaliação de eficiência das escolas públicas de ensino médio em Goiás: uma análise de dois estágios

The study verifies the level of efficiency of state public schools in Goiás, through the performance of national high school exam (ENEM) and the average cost per student. In a second stage, the conditions of efficiency are determined. For the evaluation of efficiency the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a nonparametric method, is used and at second stage, the inflated beta regression is used, which accommodates the interval of results from the first step. The empirical evidence shows that military and more specialized schools tend to outperform others, while the schools with a full-time teaching and higher average class time, tend to be inefficient.O estudo verifica o nível de eficiência das escolas estaduais públicas goianas, por meio do desempenho na prova do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) e o custo médio por aluno. Em um segundo momento, determina-se os condicionantes das eficiências. Para a avaliação de efi- ciência, utilizou-se o método não paramétrico de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA) e para o segundo estágio, a regressão beta inflacionada, que acomoda o intervalo dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa. As evidências empíricas mostram que as escolas militares e mais especializadas tendem a ter desempenho superior às demais, enquanto as escolas com ensino em tempo integral, e com maior média de hora aula, tendem a ser mais ineficientes

Genomic Analyses, Gene Expression and Antigenic Profile of the Trans-Sialidase Superfamily of Trypanosoma cruzi Reveal an Undetected Level of Complexity

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a highly debilitating human pathology that affects millions of people in the Americas. The sequencing of this parasite's genome reveals that trans-sialidase/trans-sialidase-like (TcS), a polymorphic protein family known to be involved in several aspects of T. cruzi biology, is the largest T. cruzi gene family, encoding more than 1,400 genes. Despite the fact that four TcS groups are well characterized and only one of the groups contains active trans-sialidases, all members of the family are annotated in the T. cruzi genome database as trans-sialidase. After performing sequence clustering analysis with all TcS complete genes, we identified four additional groups, demonstrating that the TcS family is even more heterogeneous than previously thought. Interestingly, members of distinct TcS groups show distinctive patterns of chromosome localization. Members of the TcSgroupII, which harbor proteins involved in host cell attachment/invasion, are preferentially located in subtelomeric regions, whereas members of the largest and new TcSgroupV have internal chromosomal locations. Real-time RT-PCR confirms the expression of genes derived from new groups and shows that the pattern of expression is not similar within and between groups. We also performed B-cell epitope prediction on the family and constructed a TcS specific peptide array, which was screened with sera from T. cruzi-infected mice. We demonstrated that all seven groups represented in the array are antigenic. A highly reactive peptide occurs in sixty TcS proteins including members of two new groups and may contribute to the known cross-reactivity of T. cruzi epitopes during infection. Taken together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the real complexity of the TcS family and open new avenues for investigating novel roles of this family during T. cruzi infection

Influence of autonomic control on the specific intermittent performance of judo athletes

Judo is a high-intensity intermittent combat sport which causes cardiac adaptations both morphologically and related to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Therefore, this study aims to verify the correlation between heart rate variability (HRV) at rest with performance in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and whether groups with different RR values at rest show different performance in the SJFT and during post-test recovery. Sixteen judo athletes with 7.2 +/- 3.9 years of training experience participated in the study. Before and after the SJFT execution HRV and lactate measurements were conducted. For HRV analysis, we used the mean interval RR, the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals (RMSSD), the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) in normalized and absolute units. The sample was split into two groups (low RR and high RR) to verify if this variable could differentiate between specific performance. For the SDNN, a significant and moderate correlation (r = 0.53) was found with the total number of throws and throws in the series A (r = 0.56) and B (r = 0.54) and for the RMSSD a correlation with throws during series B (r = 0.59) in the SJFT. However, the groups did not differ in performance and recovery. Therefore, HRV is related to intermittent judo performance; however, it cannot differentiate between judokas at different levels of performance

SARS-CoV-2 infection with bilateral intralabyrinthine hemorrhage

A 47-year-old woman presented with the complaint of sudden hearing loss associated with vertigo. Serological testing was positive for IgM and negative for IgG COVID-19 antibodies, with no other associated factors. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed bilateral intralabyrinthine hemorrhage

Comparative evaluation of the applicability of fixed-dose combined drugs in HIV therapy / Avaliação comparativa da aplicabilidade de drogas combinadas em dose fixa na terapia do HIV

The principal global pandemic is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the early diagnosis and the premature treatment is the main current strategies in combating the development and spread of the disease. Antiretroviral therapy is effective and safe, what is sought nowadays is compliance and convenience for the patient. Different countries adopt different combinations of antiretroviral drugs when using the fixed-dose combination (FDC). The study design was a meta-analysis with clinical trials, patients experienced and naïve of treatment. The Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting AIDS treatment. The primary outcome was viral load and another outcome is adverse events. The results of the main analysis included 5224 patients. Since there was significant heterogeneity between studies, random effects were selected, and they showed an event rate of 0.67 (95%CI from 0.57 to 0.77). The exploratory analysis showed the general drug effects are not consistently significant along time, and treatments of longer times are more efficient. Specifically, the random analyses of 6 months and 1 year did not show significant drug effects on viral load, while a significant effect of 71% (95% CI from 0.61 to 0.80) in a very heterogeneous analyses (I2>96%). First, d4T-3TC-NVP showed a mean rate of only 21% efficacy and the second, EFV-TDF-FTC did not reach statistical significance (p=0.07). This meta-analysis shows that fixed-dose combination therapy is tolerability, safety and effective, occurred viral load suppression between patients on FDC