Distribuição de miofibroblastos em lesões orais displásicas e carcinomas espinocelulares e avaliação das características clínico-patológicas associadas ao prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de língua

Orientador: Ricardo Della ColettaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Embora várias características histopatológicas e moleculares tenham sido propostas como fatores prognósticos do carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) oral, nenhuma ainda é utilizada rotineiramente. Estudos prévios demonstraram que a presença de miofibroblastos no estroma de CECs orais é associada a um pior prognóstico e que pacientes jovens apresentam tumores com comportamento biológico distinto quando comparado ao de pacientes idosos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram 1) avaliar a influência das características demográficas, clínicas e histopatológicas no prognóstico dos CECs de língua, 2) avaliar a frequência de miofibroblastos em displasias orais (leve, moderada e severa), CECs (lesões bem diferenciadas e pobremente diferenciadas) e carcinomas verrucosos (uma variante bem diferenciada do CEC oral) e comparar a frequência destas células com hiperplasias fibrosas (HF) e 3) comparar a densidade de miofibroblastos entre CEC orais de pacientes jovens (45 anos). Para determinar a influência das características clínicas, demográficas e histopatológicas (risco histológico de Brandwein-Gensler) no prognóstico dos CECs de língua, um estudo retrospectivo com 202 pacientes foi realizado. A detecção de miofibroblastos foi realizada por reações de imuno-histoquímica para a isoforma ? da actina de músculo liso (?-SMA) em HFs com epitélio normal (n=29), displasias (n=69), CECs bem diferenciados (n=19), CECs pobremente diferenciados (n=18) e carcinomas verrucosos (n=8). A comparação entre CECs de pacientes jovens e de pacientes idosos foi realizada em um segundo grupo contendo 29 amostras pareadas para localização, estádio clínico e graduação histológica. A análise multivariada de Cox revelou que estádio T, estádio N e recorrência foram fatores independentes das sobrevidas global, específica e livre de doença para os pacientes com CEC de língua. O risco histológico não correlacionou com o prognóstico destes pacientes. HFs e displasias orais não apresentam miofibroblastos, enquanto que 62,2% dos CECs demonstraram miofibroblastos no estroma tumoral. A presença de miofibroblastos foi significantemente mais frequente nos CECs pobremente diferenciados em comparação aos CECs bem diferenciados ou aos carcinomas verrucosos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a densidade de miofibroblastos nos CECs de pacientes jovens e idosos. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que as características clínicas são melhores fatores preditivos para o prognóstico do CEC de língua do que o risco histológico e que a presença de miofibroblastos não é associada com displasias orais, mas tumores pobremente diferenciados apresentam uma densidade significantemente maior que tumores bem diferenciados. O estudo revelou também que a presença de miofibroblastos no estroma dos CECs de língua não diferencia entre tumores em pacientes jovens e idososAbstract: Although several histopathological and molecular features have been proposed as prognostic factors of the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), any is routinely used. Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of the OSCC is associated with a worse prognosis and that young patients have tumors with a particular biological behavior when compared with older patients. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the influence of the demographics, clinical and histopathological features in the prognostic of SCC of tongue, 2) to determine the frequency of myofibroblasts in the oral dysplasias (mild, moderate and severe), OSCC (well differentiated and poorly differentiated) and verrucous carcinoma (a well differentiated variant of the OSCC) and compare the density of this cell with fibrous hyperplasias and 3) to compare the density of myofibroblasts among OSCC of young patients ( 45 years). To determine the influence of the clinical, demographic and histopathological (histologic risk of Brandwein-Gensler) features in the prognostic of SCCs of tongue, a retrospective study was realized with 202 patients. Myofibroblasts were detected by immunohistochemical analysis of ? smooth muscle actin (?-SMA) in fibrous hyperplasia with normal epithelium (n=29), oral dysplasias (n=69), well differentiated OSCC (n=19), poorly differentiated OSCC (n=18) and verrrucous carcinoma (n=8). The comparison between OSCC affecting young patients and older patients was realized in a second group containing 29 samples paired to localization, clinical stage and histological differentiation. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that the T stage, N stage and recurrence were independent factors of overall survival, disease-especific survival and disease-free survival. The histologic risk was not correlated with the prognostic of the patients. Fibrous hyperplasia and oral dysplasias did not show myofibroblasts in the stroma. The presence of myofibroblasts was higher in the poorly differentiated OSCCs when compared with well differentiated OSCC or with verrucous carcinomas. No significant differences existed between the presence of stromal myofibroblasts of OSCC affecting young and old individuals. The results of this study demonstrated that the clinical features were best predictive factors to the SCC of tongue prognostic than the histologic risk, and the presence of myofibroblasts was not associated with the oral dyspasias. However the poorly differentiated tumors demonstrated a higher expression of myofibroblasts than well differentiated tumors. The study also revealed that the presence of myofibroblasts in the OSCC not show differences among young and older patientsMestradoPatologiaMestra em Estomatopatologi

Novel anti-invasive properties of a Fascin1 inhibitor on colorectal cancer cells

Tumor invasion and metastasis involve processes in which actin cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by Fascin1 plays a crucial role. Indeed, Fascin1 has been found overexpressed in tumors with worse prognosis. Migrastatin and its analogues target Fascin1 and inhibit its activity. However, there is need for novel and smaller Fascin1 inhibitors. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of compound G2 in colorectal cancer cell lines and compare it to migrastatin in in vitro and in vivo assays. Molecular modeling, actin-bundling, cell viability, inmunofluorescence, migration, and invasion assays were carried out in order to test anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties of compound G2. In addition, the in vivo effect of compound G2 was evaluated in a zebrafish model of invasion. HCT-116 cells exhibited the highest Fascin1 expression from eight tested colorectal cancer cell lines. Compound G2 showed important inhibitory effects on actin bundling, filopodia formation, migration, and invasion in different cell lines. Moreover, compound G2 treatment resulted in significant reduction of invasion of DLD-1 overexpressing Fascin1 and HCT-116 in zebrafish larvae xenografts; this effect being less evident in Fascin1 known-down HCT-116 cells. This study proves, for the first time, the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumoral activity of compound G2 on colorectal cancer cells and guides to design improved compound G2-based Fascin1 inhibitors. Key messages center dot Fascin is crucial for tumor invasion and metastasis and is overexpressed in bad prognostic tumors. center dot Several adverse tumors overexpress Fascin1 and lack targeted therapy. center dot Anti-fascin G2 is for the first time evaluated in colorectal carcinoma and compared with migrastatin. center dot Filopodia formation, migration activity, and invasion in vitro and in vivo assays were performed. center dot G2 blocks actin structures, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells as fascin-dependent.Peer reviewe

New role of the antidepressant imipramine as a Fascin1 inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer: Antitumor antidepressant The antidepressant drug imipramine can block the activity of a protein that contributes to the progression of certain aggressive tumors. Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) is a form of colorectal cancer with a poor prognosis. A key factor in SAC development is the overexpression of the protein fascin1, which promotes the formation of structures that help cancer cells move around, thereby leading to metastasis. Pablo Conesa-Zamora at Santa Lucia University Hospital in Cartagena, Horacio Perez-Sanchez at the Universidad Catolica de Murcia in Guadalupe, Spain, and coworkers demonstrated that imipramine shows promise in binding to fascin1 and blocking its activity. The team analyzed over 9500 compounds as potential fascin1 blockers, identifying imipramine as a possible option. In tests on human tissues and in vivo studies using zebrafish, the drug reduced cancer invasion and metastasis. Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) is more invasive, has worse outcomes than conventional colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and is characterized by frequent resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and overexpression of fascin1, a key protein in actin bundling that plays a causative role in tumor invasion and is overexpressed in different cancer types with poor prognosis. In silico screening of 9591 compounds, including 2037 approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was performed, and selected compounds were analyzed for their fascin1 binding affinity by differential scanning fluorescence. The results were compared with migrastatin as a typical fascin1 inhibitor. In silico screening and differential scanning fluorescence yielded the FDA-approved antidepressant imipramine as the most evident potential fascin1 blocker. Biophysical and different in vitro actin-bundling assays confirm this activity. Subsequent assays investigating lamellipodia formation and migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro using 3D human tissue demonstrated anti-fascin1 and anti-invasive activities of imipramine. Furthermore, expression profiling suggests the activity of imipramine on the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, in vivo studies using a zebrafish invasion model showed that imipramine is tolerated, its anti-invasive and antimetastatic activities are dose-dependent, and it is associated with both constitutive and induced fascin1 expression. This is the first study that demonstrates an antitumoral role of imipramine as a fascin1 inhibitor and constitutes a foundation for a molecular targeted therapy for SAC and other fascin1-overexpressing tumors.Peer reviewe

Secretome profiling of oral squamous cell carcinoma-associated fibroblasts reveals organization and disassembly of extracellular matrix and collagen metabolic process signatures

An important role has been attributed to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common tumor of the oral cavity. Previous studies demonstrated that CAF-secreted molecules promote the proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells, inducing a more aggressive phenotype. In this study, we searched for differences in the secretome of CAFs and normal oral fibroblasts (NOF) using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and biological network analysis. Comparison of the secretome profiles revealed that upregulated proteins involved mainly in extracellular matrix organization and disassembly and collagen metabolism. Among the upregulated proteins were fibronectin type III domain-containing 1 (FNDC1), serpin peptidase inhibitor type 1 (SERPINE1), and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), the upregulation of which was validated by quantitative PCR and ELISA in an independent set of CAF cell lines. The transition of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1)-mediating NOFs into CAFs was accompanied by significant upregulation of FNDC1, SERPINE1, and STC2, confirming the participation of these proteins in the CAF-derived secretome. Type I collagen, the main constituent of the connective tissue, was also associated with several upregulated biological processes. The immunoexpression of type I collagen N-terminal propeptide (PINP) was significantly correlated in vivo with CAFs in the tumor front and was associated with significantly shortened survival of OSCC patients. Presence of CAFs in the tumor stroma was also an independent prognostic factor for OSCC disease-free survival. These results demonstrate the value of secretome profiling for evaluating the role of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment and identify potential novel therapeutic targets such as FNDC1, SERPINE1, and STC2. Furthermore, type I collagen expression by CAFs, represented by PINP levels, may be a prognostic marker of OSCC outcome.Peer reviewe

Fascin promotes migration and invasion and is a prognostic marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) prognosis is related to clinical stage and histological grade. However, this stratification needs to be refined. We conducted a comparative proteome study in microdissected samples from normal oral mucosa and OSCC to identify biomarkers for malignancy. Fascin and plectin were identified as differently expressed and both are implicated in several malignancies, but the clinical impacts of aberrant fascin and plectin expression in OSCCs remains largely unknown. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR were carried out in ex vivo OSCC samples and cell lines. A loss-of-function strategy using shRNA targeting fascin was employed to investigate in vitro and in vivo the fascin role on oral tumorigenesis. Transfections of microRNA mimics were performed to determine whether the fascin overexpression is regulated by miR-138 and miR-145. We found that fascin and plectin are frequently upregulated in OSCC samples and cell lines, but only fascin overexpression is an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival. In combination with advanced T stage, high fascin level is also an independent factor of disease-free survival. Knockdown of fascin in OSCC cells promoted cell adhesion and inhibited migration, invasion and EMT, and forced expression of miR-138 in OSCC cells significantly decreased the expression of fascin. In addition, fascin downregulation leads to reduced filopodia formation and decrease on paxillin expression. The subcutaneous xenograft model showed that tumors formed in the presence of low levels of fascin were significantly smaller compared to those formed with high fascin levels. Collectively, our findings suggest that fascin expression correlates with disease progression and may serve as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with OSCC.Peer reviewe

Low miR-143/miR-145 Cluster Levels Induce Activin A Overexpression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Which Contributes to Poor Prognosis

Deregulated expression of activin A is reported in several tumors, but its biological functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are unknown. Here, we investigate whether activin A can play a causal role in OSCCs. Activin A expression was assessed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry in OSCC tissues. Low activin A-expressing cells were treated with recombinant activin A and assessed for apoptosis, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Those phenotypes were also evaluated in high activin A-expressing cells treated with follistatin (an activin A antagonist) or stably expressing shRNA targeting activin A. Transfections of microRNA mimics were performed to determine whether the overexpression of activin A is regulated by miR-143/miR-145 cluster. Activin A was overexpressed in OSCCs in comparison with normal oral mucosa, and high activin A levels were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation and poor survival. High activin A levels promoted multiple properties associated with malignant transformation, including decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT. Both miR-143 and miR-145 were markedly downregulated in OSCC cell lines and in clinical specimens, and inversely correlated to activin A levels. Forced expression of miR-143 and miR-145 in OSCC cells significantly decreased the expression of activin A. Overexpression of activin A in OSCCs, which is controlled by downregulation of miR-143/miR-145 cluster, regulates apoptosis, proliferation and invasiveness, and it is clinically correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival.Peer reviewe

Impacto do estresse nas periodontopatias, nas disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) e na halitose : uma revisão da literatura

Estudos indicam que fatores estressores psicossociais têm sido associados com a diminuição da função imunológica e aumento da susceptibilidade à infecções e neoplasias. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e discutir a relação entre o estresse e o desenvolvimento e/ou agravamento de periodontopatias, disfunções temporomandibulares e halitose, por meio de revisão da literatura. Para essa finalidade, foi realizada uma busca na literatura, utilizando base de dados científicas nacionais e internacionais (Medline, Scielo e Lilacs) entre os anos de 1983 e 2008. A maioria dos estudos verificou associações estatisticamente significantes entre os fatores estressores e o desenvolvimento e/ou agravamento das periodontopatias, disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) e a halitose, provavelmente devido aos estressores causarem distúrbios na homeostase, ou seja, no equilíbrio que o corpo tenta manter a fim de preservar a sua existência, que pode levar a alterações no sistema-imune pela ativação do sistema nervoso e do sistema endócrino. O conhecimento destas correlações é de fundamental importância para o clínico e o gestor em saúde desenvolverem estratégias e protocolos de atendimento, no intuito de melhorar a atenção prestada pelo profissional de odontologia à população, com base em um modelo que preza pela integralidade do ser humano

A importância do professor como agente multiplicador de saúde bucal

Este trabalho visa mostrar a importância da adequação de profissionais da área da educação, cuja colocação profissional poderia possibilitar a propagação de conhecimentos e hábitos adequados para a promoção de saúde bucal de crianças sob sua tutela. Através do desenvolvimento de programas de saúde, visto que a escola tem sido considerada um local adequado pra tal fim, por reunir crianças em faixas etárias propícias à adoção de mediadas educativas e preventivas. Os professores apresentam interesse pelo tema, e possuem algum conhecimento sobre saúde bucal, sendo o conhecimento odontológico dos mesmos limitados. Conclui-se então que para o professor poder atuar efetivamente como agente multiplicador de saúde bucal, necessita de capacitação através de profissionais da área e de apoio de instâncias superiores

Proteína derivada da matriz do esmalte (EMDOGAIN®) : uma revisão da literatura

As doenças periodontais apresentam como fator etiológico primário o biofilme dental. Os produtos resultantes do metabolismo bacteriano causam alterações, primeiramente no aparato de proteção periodontal e com a progressão da doença, nos tecidos de sustentação. As terapias periodontais regenerativas visam regenerar as estruturas periodontais perdidas, ou seja, formação de novo cemento, ligamento periodontal e osso alveolar. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o modo pelo qual as proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte (Emdogain®) podem regenerar os tecidos periodontais, através de uma revisão da literatura publicada. Concluímos que o Emdogain® é capaz de promover a formação de novo cemento e nova inserção, porém não se apresentou melhor que a regeneração tecidual guiada