Democracias incompletas: El caso de Brasil

The article aims to analyze whether, after 30 years of current Brazilian democracy, political institutions will be resilient enough to deal with the consequences of an authoritarian government elected in the middle of a deep representation crisis. In other words, would this be a turn to an illiberal democracy? From an analysis of the situation, we traced a chronology of circumstances – transition from the authoritarian regime, popular dissatisfaction, critical elections of 2018 as a time of exhaustion for the New Republic, dynamics of the party dispute – that converged to the rise of ultra-right forces, elected through a democratic regime. Data referring to public perception concerning institutions, electoral results, and performance of traditional parties in recent electoral cycles (general election of 2018 and municipal election of 2020) are analyzed. We conclude that the growth of center-right parties in the 2020 municipal elections indicate that – despite the analytical correctness of the literature on the possibility of internal corrosion of democracies by nationalist neopopulism – the thesis regarding incidental rulers has strong evidence visible in Brazil.El artículo pretende analizar si, tras 30 años de la actual democracia brasileña, las instituciones políticas serán lo suficientemente resistentes como para afrontar las consecuencias de un gobierno autoritario elegido en medio de una profunda crisis de representación. En otras palabras, ¿se trataría de un giro hacia una democracia antiliberal? A partir de un análisis de coyuntura, trazamos una cronología de circunstancias –transición del régimen autoritario, insatisfacción popular, elecciones críticas de 2018 como momento de agotamiento de la Nueva República, dinámica de la disputa partidaria– que confluyeron al ascenso de fuerzas de ultraderecha, elegidas en el marco de un régimen democrático. Se analizan los datos referidos a la percepción pública sobre las instituciones, los resultados electorales y el desempeño de los partidos tradicionales en los últimos ciclos electorales (elecciones generales de 2018 y municipales de 2020). Concluimos que el crecimiento de los partidos de centroderecha en las elecciones municipales de 2020 indica que – a pesar de la corrección analítica de la literatura sobre la posibilidad de corrosión interna de las democracias por el neopopulismo nacionalista – la tesis relativa a los gobernantes incidentales tiene fuertes indicios de mostrarse en Brasil

MAPA DE CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA DE THORNTHWAITE PARA O LESTE MARANHENSE

Thornthwaite's climate classification is one of the most used in the world, whether for geographic, meteorological, climatological, bioclimatological, ecological studies, among others. This study aimed to generate a detailed Thornthwaite climate classification map for Eastern Maranhão. A total of 101 meteorological observation points were used, from which the variables average air temperature and rainfall were obtained, within the time range from 1950 to 2021. Such data were evaluated and subsequently processed in an Excel and GIS environment. In Excel, climatological water balances were calculated using the Thornthwaite and Mather method, using 100 mm as soil water storage capacity, in addition to determining the indices of the temperature equations by multiple linear regression for subsequent spatialization in matrix images of latitude and longitude. Precipitation and evapotranspiration data were interpolated using ordinary kriging, with a spatial resolution of 90 m, equal to that of the digital elevation model made available by the National Institute for Space Research. More than 8,727,760.0 pixels were evaluated, identifying the dry subhumid C1 and rainy subhumid C2 climate types, described by the subtypes C1dA’a’, C1wA’a’, C1w2A’a’ and C2w2A’a’. Overall, it was identified that 94% of the East Maranhense area is occupied by a C1 climate and 6% by a C2 climate. It is understood that this study generated accurate scientific information to support agricultural and urban planning, water resources management and the development of sustainable environmental policies for Eastern Maranhão.La clasificación climática de Thornthwaite es una de las más utilizadas en el mundo, ya sea para estudios geográficos, meteorológicos, climatológicos, bioclimatológicos, ecológicos, entre otros. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo generar un mapa detallado de clasificación climática de Thornthwaite para el este de Maranhão. Se utilizaron un total de 101 puntos de observación meteorológica, de los cuales se obtuvieron las variables temperatura promedio del aire y precipitación, en el rango temporal de 1950 a 2021. Dichos datos fueron evaluados y posteriormente procesados ​​en un ambiente Excel y SIG. En Excel se calcularon balances hídricos climatológicos mediante el método de Thornthwaite y Mather, utilizando 100 mm como capacidad de almacenamiento de agua del suelo, además de determinar los índices de las ecuaciones de temperatura mediante regresión lineal múltiple para su posterior espacialización en imágenes matriciales de latitud y longitud. Los datos de precipitación y evapotranspiración se interpolaron mediante kriging ordinario, con una resolución espacial de 90 m, igual a la del modelo de elevación digital proporcionado por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales. Se evaluaron más de 8.727.760,0 píxeles, identificándose los tipos de clima seco subhúmedo C1 y lluvioso subhúmedo C2, descritos por los subtipos C1dA’a’, C1wA’a’, C1w2A’a’ y C2w2A’a’. En general, se identificó que el 94% del área del Este Maranhense está ocupada por un clima C1 y el 6% por un clima C2. Se entiende que este estudio generó información científica precisa para apoyar la planificación agrícola y urbana, la gestión de los recursos hídricos y el desarrollo de políticas ambientales sostenibles para el este de Maranhão.A classificação climática de Thornthwaite é uma das mais utilizadas no mundo, seja para estudos geográficos, meteorológicos, climatológicos, bioclimatológicos, ecológicos, dentre outros. Este estudo teve como objetivo gerar um mapa detalhado de classificação climática de Thornthwaite para o Leste Maranhense. Foram utilizados um total de 101 pontos de observação meteorológica, dos quais se obteve as variáveis temperatura média do ar e precipitação pluvial, dentro do intervalo temporal de 1950 a 2021. Tais dados foram avaliados e posteriormente processados em ambiente Excel e SIG. No Excel foram calculados os balanços hídricos climatológicos pelo método de Thornthwaite e Mather, usando 100 mm como capacidade de armazenamento de água do solo, além da determinação dos índices das equações de temperatura por regressão linear múltipla para posterior espacialização em imagens matriciais de latitude e longitude. Os dados de precipitação e evapotranspiração foram interpolados por krigagem ordinária, com resolução espacial de 90 m, igual à do modelo digital de elevação disponibilizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Foram avaliados mais de 8.727.760,0 pixels, sendo identificados os tipos climáticos subúmido seco C1 e subúmido chuvoso C2, descritos pelos subtipos C1dA’a’, C1wA’a’, C1w2A’a’ e C2w2A’a’. No geral, identificou-se que 94% da área do Leste Maranhense é ocupada por clima C1 e 6% por clima C2. Entende-se que este estudo gerou informações científicas precisas para apoio no planejamento agrícola e urbano, gestão de recursos hídricos e elaboração de políticas ambientais sustentáveis para o Leste Maranhense

SOIL-LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIP IN A WATERSHED LOCATED ON PLEISTOCENIC TERRACES AND FLUVIO-LAGUNARIAN SEDIMENTS IN MUNICIPALITY OF RECIFE, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT In the Prata watershed there are units corresponding to the Pleistocene Terraces and the Fluvium-Lagoon Sediments. This watershed is inserted almost entirely in the area of plateaus (Tabuleiros) with altitudes of 10 to 100 meters, and in areas with altitudes of 2 to 10 meters in the area of floodplains and fluvio-lagoon terraces. The present work aimed to characterize and classify soils in the Brazilian Soil Classification System - SiBCS and correlate them with the IUSS Working Group WRB-FAO (in parentheses), besides evidence some soil-landscape relations, that occur in Pleistocene terraces and fluvium-lagoon sediments in the Prata watershed, located in the ecological reserve of Dois Irmãos State Park in Recife – PE, Brazil. Soil samples were used to perform physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis in laboratory. Watershed delimitation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope map, soil map and slope x soil map were obtained and studied. The soils are quite acidic and have a very low natural fertility, with the Latossolos (Ferralsols) predominating in the landscape. The silt and clay fractions of the studied Argissolos (Acrisols) and Latossolos (Ferralsols) presented quartz and kaolinite as the main component. In the profile of Neossolo Quartzarênico (Arenosols) only quartz was identified as a component of the silt and clay fractions. The kaolinitic mineralogy of the clay fraction is consistent with the environment of its formation, that is, hot and humid. There is no relationship between the colors of soils and their exposure to the sun on the slopes where they occur. The occurrence of a sandy and whitish horizon between the litter and the A horizon, is not foreseen in the norms and criteria adopted in the Brazilian Soil Classification System - SiBCS

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection

Consenso brasileiro para o tratamento da esclerose múltipla : Academia Brasileira de Neurologia e Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla

O crescent arsenal terapêutico na esclerose múltipla (EM) tem permitido tratamentos mais efetivos e personalizados, mas a escolha e o manejo das terapias modificadoras da doença (TMDs) tem se tornado cada vez mais complexos. Neste contexto, especialistas do Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla e do Departamento Científico de Neuroimunologia da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia reuniram-se para estabelecer este Consenso Brasileiro para o Tratamento da EM, baseados no entendimento de que neurologistas devem ter a possibilidade de prescrever TMDs para EM de acordo com o que é melhor para cada paciente, com base em evidências e práticas atualizadas. Por meio deste documento, propomos recomendações práticas para o tratamento da EM, com foco principal na escolha e no manejo das TMDs, e revisamos os argumentos que embasam as estratégias de tratamento na EM.The expanding therapeutic arsenal in multiple sclerosis (MS) has allowed for more effective and personalized treatment, but the choice and management of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) is becoming increasingly complex. In this context, experts from the Brazilian Committee on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and the Neuroimmunology Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology have convened to establish this Brazilian Consensus for the Treatment of MS, based on their understanding that neurologists should be able to prescribe MS DMTs according to what is better for each patient, based on up-to-date evidence and practice. We herein propose practical recommendations for the treatment of MS, with the main focus on the choice and management of DMTs, as well as present a review of the scientific rationale supporting therapeutic strategies in MS

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Security of RFID systems with random modulation.

Do mesmo modo que em outras tecnologias de computação pervasiva (por exemplo, o reconhecimento facial, telefones celulares), a mesma facilidade de uso e difusão que faz a tecnologia de identificação por rádio frequência (RFID) tão revolucionária, também oferece oportunidades sem precedentes para o roubo, rastreamento secreto e perfil comportamental. Assim, os aspectos de segurança e privacidade da tecnologia RFID estão se tornando cada vez mais importantes. Neste trabalho é analisado um esquema de privacidade contra adversários passivos baseado na modulação aleatória da mensagem ao invés de modelos criptográficos clássicos para dispositivos sem fio de baixo custo, tais como etiquetas RFID. A ideia deste esquema é tornar o adversário em desvantagem em relação ao canal de comunicação leitor-etiqueta, por exemplo, reduzindo sua relação sinal ruído. O esquema analisado utiliza um gerador pseudo-aleatório (pseudo-randomgeneration-RG) para escolher aleatoriamente uma base ortogonal de modulação da transmissão. A semente do PRG é a chave secreta gerada a partir da discussão pública em ambiente ruidoso pelo protocolo de Chabanne e Fumaroli para etiquetas RFID. Uma contribuição deste trabalho foi analisar o quanto o canal do adversário é prejudicado em relação ao canal dos usuários autênticos. Assumindo um cenário caracterizado por um adversário que possui o número de receptores igual ao número de bases usadas, foi identificada uma falha de segurança. Buscando resolver esta falha, outra contribuição deste trabalho foi propor dois novos esquemas. O primeiro utiliza dois PRGs; um para modulação aleatória e outro para cifrar a mensagem. O segundo esquema utiliza um único PRG para modulação aleatória e cifragem da mensagem.As other pervasive computing technologies (as facial recognition, mobile phones, etc.), the same ease-of-use and dissemination that make Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) so revolutionary also opens the possibility for theft, covert tracking and behavioral profiling. In face of these vulnerabilities, the request for security and privacy are of major importance for the RFID. In this work we analyze a privacy scheme against passive adversaries based on random modulation of message in stead of classical cryptographic models for low cost wireless devices, such as an RFID tag. The main idea of this scheme is to deny the eavesdropper channel by reducing his signal-to-noise ratio, for instance. The analyzed scheme makes use of a pseudorandom generator to choose a basis of orthogonal modulation transmission. The seed of the PRG is the secret key generated from the public discussion in a noisy environment by protocol proposed by Chabanne and Fumaroli for low cost RFID tags. A contribution of this work was to analyze how much the canal of the adversary is wronged in relation to the canal of the authentic users. Assuming a scenario characterized by an adversary who has the number of receivers equals the number of bases used , a security flaw was identified. Seeking to resolve this flaw, another contribution of this work was to propose two new schemes. The first one uses two PRGs; one for random modulation and other to encrypt the message. The second scheme uses a single PRG to random modulation and encryption of the message