66 research outputs found

    Biodegradação de Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos Policíclicos

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    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not degraded bymost of the microorganisms, due to the complexity of its chemical structureand low solubility in water. In spite of that, these compounds are generatedin petrochemical activities, with high potential for contamination of thenatural ecosystems. PAHs and its derivatives are know mutagenic andcarcinogenic compounds, being associated to the increase of cancerincidence in the lung, intestine, liver, and pancreas and in the humans' skinand animals. The use of microbial degraders is an alternative for PAHselimination to the atmosphere. Besides the selection of the microorganismswith proven capacity of degradation of these compounds, it is necessaryappropriate conditions for biodegradation as available water, inorganicnutrition, adequate pH and temperature, as well to increase PAHsbioavailability in soil due to strong tendency of sorption to minerals andorganics particules of soils and sediments. The objective of this revisionwas to discuss PAHs environmental behavior, microbial metabolism of thesecompounds and the environmental factors that influence the survival andthe activity of the PAHs microbial degrader community.Os hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) não são degradadospela maioria dos microrganismos, devido a complexidade de suaestrutura química e baixa solubilidade em água. Apesar disso, estes compostossão gerados em grandes quantidades principalmente pelas atividadespetroquímicas, levando a contaminação dos ecossistemas naturais. OsHAPs e seus derivados são compostos reconhecidamente mutagênicos ecarcinogênicos, estando associados ao aumento de incidência de câncer nopulmão, intestino, fígado, pâncreas e pele dos seres humanos e animais. Autilização de microrganismos degradadores é uma alternativa para elimina-ção dos HAPs do ambiente. Para isso, além da seleção dos microrganismoscom comprovada capacidade de degradação destes compostos, faz-se necessário fornecer condições adequadas de disponibilidade de água, de nutrientesinorgânicos, de pH e de temperatura, assim como buscar o aumentoda biodisponibilidade dos HAPs, devido a sua forte tendência de sorçãoàs partículas minerais e orgânicas dos solos e sedimentos. O objetivo destarevisão de literatura foi discutir o comportamento dos HAPs no ambiente,os metabolismos bacteriano e fúngico destes compostos e os fatoresambientais que influenciam a sobrevivência e a atividade dos microrganismosdegradadores dos HAPs no ambiente

    Suppression of Pratylenchus brachyurus and soybean growth inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

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    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi perform a variety of plant-beneficial processes. including increased resistance to disease. The objective of this work was to study arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoglomus clarum effect on phytonematode Pratylenchus brachyurus suppression and on soybean plants growth. Two experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. First. soybean plants growth was evaluated in mycorrhizal fungi presence and absence. In the second experiment. phytonematode damage in soybean cultivated in mycorrhizal fungi presence and absence was evaluated. During soybean flowering was evaluated mycorrhizal colonization, dry matter, nodulation, chlorophyll and nutrient content in plant tissue, nematodes number in soil and root penetration, and nematode reproduction factor was obtained, R. clarum mycorrhizal colonization reduced by 64% the number of nematodes penetrated in roots and increased soybean plants nodulation, nutrient absorption and dry matter accumulation. The stimulation to mycorrhization is a strategy to reduce damage caused by Pratylenchus brachyurus to soybean plants

    Fungos ectomicorrízicos em plantações de nogueira-pecã e o potencial da truficultura no Brasil

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    Studies involving pecan tree have evolved considerably in recent years in Brazil. Pecans were introduced in the country at the beginning of the last century, and became commercially important after the 1960´s, primarily in the South region. Pecan trees form several ECM associations with mutualistic fungi. Thus, the aims of the present review were to show research data using ECM fungi in commercial pecan orchards in Brazil, present the agricultural and environmental importance of this symbiosis, and show the potentialof man-driven mycorrhyzation with pecan, aiming at the production of selected truffles, notably of the genus Tuber, in commercial orchards, a highly profitable economic activity.Os estudos envolvendo a nogueira-pecã têm evoluído consideravelmente nos últimos anos no Brasil. Esta cultura foi introduzida no país no início do século passado e tornou-se importante comercialmente após os anos de 1960, principalmente na região sul. A nogueira-pecã é comprovadamente um simbionte, formando diversas associações mutualísticas com fungos ectomicorrízicos do solo. Assim, a presente revisão tem como objetivos apresentar os estudos sobre os fungos ectomicorrízicos em plantações comerciais de nogueirapecã no Brasil, destacar a importância agrícola e ambiental desta simbiose, e o potencial da micorrização controlada da nogueira-pecã, visando à produção de espécies desejadas de trufas, notadamente do gênero Tuber, em pomares comerciais, uma atividade econômica de alta rentabilidade

    Diversity of Collembola and occurrence of Talitroides sylvaticus in a Pinus elliottii Engelm afforestation

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    A 52-year-old pine forest is characterized as an environment with low plant diversity and large accumulation of allelopathic litter with poor nutrient content. Collembola is sensitive to environmental conditions and may have difficulties living in these forests. This study aimed (1) to evaluate the abundance and richness of Collembola in the soil of a 52-year-old pine afforestation with different moisture contents; and (2) to identify the landhopper sampled unintentionally. For sampling, pitfall traps were set up for four days, in areas of a Pinus elliottii afforestation with high and low soil moisture located at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Collembola specimens were counted and identified to family and genus level. The total abundance of springtails was greater in the low soil moisture area. The genera Desoria and Lepidocyrtus, and specimens of the family Onychiuridae were more abundant in low soil moisture, meanwhile, the genus Ceratophysella was more abundant in the high soil moisture. The landhopper Talitroides sylvaticus was sampled unintentionally by traps set up in the soil with higher moisture and calcium content. Six genera of Collembola and the landhopper T. sylvaticus were identified in soil of a P. elliottii afforestation and their distribution is influenced by soil moisture

    Óleo essencial de eucalipto como bioestimulador do crescimento de fungos ectomicorrízicos in vitro

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    http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989285The secondary metabolites extracted from forest species known as micossimbiontes can stimulate the growth of in vitro ectomycorrhizal isolates. We determined the effect of concentration of Eucalyptus grandis essential oil in stimulating growth of the ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus sp. (UFSC Pt 24 and UFSC Pt 188), Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) Chondrogaster angustiporus (UFSC Ch 163), Scleroderma citrinum (UFSC Sc 124) and Suillus sp. (UFSM RA RA UFSM 2.2 and 2.8) in liquid culture medium. After a period of 25 days of incubation, we evaluated the morphology and growth of the isolates. The addition of essential oil at concentrations from 20 to 30 µL L-1 promoted mycelial growth in vitro in isolated Pt 24 UFSC, UFSC Pt 116, Ch 163 UFSC, UFSC Sc 124, UFSM RA RA UFSM 2.2 and 2.8. The addition of essential oil at a concentration of 20 µL L-1 resulted in an increase in the diameter and branching hyphae of isolates UFSC Pt 116 and Pt 24 UFSC. The use of essential oil in the preparation of culture media for the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates has shown to be efficient and to increase the mycelial mass of the fungus.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050989285Os metabólitos secundários extraídos de essências florestais conhecidamente micossimbiontes podem estimular o crescimento de isolados ectomicorrízicos in vitro. Assim, determinou-se o efeito de concentrações do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus grandis no estímulo ao crescimento dos fungos ectomicorrízicos Pisolithus sp. (UFSC Pt 24 e UFSC Pt 188), Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116), Chondrogaster angustiporus (UFSC Ch 163), Scleroderma citrinum (UFSC Sc 124) e Suillus sp. (UFSM RA 2.2 e UFSM RA 2.8) em meio de cultura líquido. Após o período de 25 dias de incubação, avaliou-se a morfologia e o crescimento dos isolados. A adição do óleo essencial nas concentrações de 20 a 30 μL L-1 promoveu crescimento miceliano in vitro nos isolados UFSC Pt 24, UFSC Pt 116, UFSC Ch 163, UFSC Sc 124, UFSM RA 2.2 e UFSM RA 2.8. A adição do óleo essencial na concentração de 20 μL L-1 resultou em aumento no diâmetro e na ramificação das hifas dos isolados UFSC Pt 116 e UFSC Pt 24. A utilização de óleo essencial na elaboração de meios de cultura para o crescimento de isolados ectomicorrízicos mostra-se eficiente, por aumentar a produção de massa micelial do fungo

    RELAÇÃO DO USO DO SOLO COM A DIVERSIDADE E A ATIVIDADE DA FAUNA EDÁFICA

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    Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes usos do solo na abundância, riqueza, diversidade e atividade de organismos da fauna edáfica. A fauna do solo foi amostrada em: florestamento de Eucalyptus spp., florestamento de Pinus spp., lavoura de grãos, solo impactado pela construção civil e pastagem natural. Para a avaliação dos organismos da fauna epiedáfica empregou-se o método da armadilha de queda e para a amostragem dos organismos da fauna hemiedáfica utilizou-se o método TSBF. A atividade biológica do solo foi avaliada pelo método de lâminas bait. Foram coletados 5.413 organismos epiedáficos e 813 organismos hemiedáficos, distribuídos em 18 grupos taxonômicos. Os florestamentos de Pinus e Eucalyptus abrigaram as maiores abundâncias de organismos epiedáficos, com dominância de Collembola, o que resultou em menor índice de diversidade. O solo afetado pela construção civil apresentou as menores abundância e riqueza de organismos epiedáficos. A abundância, riqueza e diversidade de organismos hemiedáficos foram maiores na pastagem natural e menores no florestamento de Pinus e no solo impactado pela construção civil. A atividade biológica do solo foi maior no florestamento de Eucalyptus e menor no solo impactado pela construção civil. A abundância, riqueza e diversidade da fauna edáfica é afetada pelo uso do solo.Palavras-chave: atividade biológica do solo; bioindicadores; degradação do solo; invertebrados do solo; qualidade do solo; RELATION OF SOIL USE WITH DIVERSITY AND ACTIVITY OF EDAPHIC FAUNA ABSTRACT:This study evaluated the effect of different land uses on the abundance, richness, diversity and activity of edaphic fauna. The soil fauna was sampled in: Eucalyptus spp. afforestation, Pinus spp. afforestation, grain cropping, soil impacted by construction and natural grassland. The epiedaphic fauna was sampled by pitfalls and the hemiedaphic fauna by TSBF method. The soil biological activity was evaluated by the lamina-bait test. 5,413 epiedaphic organisms and 813 hemiedaphic organisms were collected, classified in 18 taxonomic groups. The afforestation of Pinus and Eucalyptus had the greatest abundance of epiedaphic organisms, with dominance of springtails, which resulted in a lower index of diversity. The soil affected by the construction had the lowest abundances and the richness of epiedaphic organisms. The abundance, richness and diversity of hemiedaphic organisms were higher in natural grassland; and smaller in Pinus afforestation and soil impacted by construction. Soil biological activity was higher in the Eucalyptus afforestation and lower in the soil impacted by construction. Soil use affects the abundance, richness and diversity of edaphic fauna.Keywords: soil biological activity; bioindicators; soil degradation; soil invertebrates; soil quality
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