Evaluación de recubrimientos comestibles proteicos aplicados al salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar) congelado: estudio de diferentes formulaciones y tratamientos tecnológicos

El principal propósito de esta tesis fue la evaluación del efecto de diferentes recubrimientos proteicos con distintas formulaciones, dos momentos de aplicación y diferentes tratamientos tecnológicos, sobre diversos parámetros de la calidad de filetes de salmón del Atlántico congelado. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de diferentes recubrimientos proteicos aumenta el rendimiento de los filetes y los protege de la oxidación lipídica durante cuatro meses de almacenamiento en congelación. El efecto de los recubrimientos se ve influenciado por el momento de aplicación de los mismos y el tipo de plastificante usado. Por otro lado, todas las envueltas de lactosuero tratadas tecnológicamente incrementan el rendimiento y reducen la lipoxidación de los filetes, siendo la ultrasonicación y el calentamiento+transglutaminasa los más efectivos. La duración de la ultrasonicación afecta a ciertas características de las envueltas. Finalmente, el uso de envueltas de lactosuero no afecta negativamente a las propiedades sensoriales de los filetes de salmón

Economic Impact of Distribution Grid Operation Scenarios for the Integration of Electric Vehicles

The paper lists the drivers and the barriers for a widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), describes the different stakeholders involved in the electro-mobility ecosystem and summarises the main issues for the integration of EVs in distribution grids. Then, it presents some outcomes of the PlanGridEV Project, including the proposed new grid planning criteria, the envisaged future scenarios for EV integration, the expected services to be provided by EVs to distribution system operators and the ICT requirements linked to those services.Electric Vehicles (EVs) will become an important part of the transport system in Europe and can thus create a number of benefits in term of oil dependence reduction, air quality improvement and trade balance enhancement. However, they can also become a burden for distribution system operator (DSOs) if they charge in an uncontrolled way. In addition, the increasing deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) and other distributed energy resources (DER) are making the distribution grid planning more complicated than in the past, when consumers were considered to be passive elements and grid was dimensioned to meet peak demand. PlanGridEV project proposes new planning procedures, which take into account the possibility to manage consumers’ electricity demand, including the charging process of EVs, both to better integrate DER and to more efficiently plan the investments in the distribution grid. The planning rules will be validated by carrying out four test beds, which will serve as an input for assessing the economic performance of four scenarios, representing four theoretical alternatives for distribution grid planning. Different services that EVs can provide to DSOs and other actors in the e-mobility ecosystem will be analysed in each scenario. Then, a grid planning tool will be developed to help DSOs consider EVs and demand and other demand response (DR) capabilities when planning distribution grid extension.European Commission's FP

Caracterización de la carne de dos aves de caza: zorzal (Turdus philomelos) y tórtola (Streptopelia turtur)

The chemical and fatty acid composition and color of wild thrush (Turdus philomelos) and turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) meat were investigated. No significant differences in the chemical composition were observed between the meat of thrush and that of turtle dove. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) in the fatty acid composition of the three fractions (glycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids) and in color parameters were observed. The main fatty acid in thrush meat was oleic acid (around 30%), and the high content of docosahexaenoic acid (C-22:6n-3) (more than 10% in the three fractions) was remarkable. There was a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (more than 50%) in the turtle dove meat; the main PUFA were linoleic (C-18:2n-6) and arachidonic (C-20:4n-6) acidsSe ha estudiado la composición química, de ácidos grasos y el color de la carne de zorzal (Turdus philomelos) y tórtola (Streptopelia turtur). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la composición química entre la carne de ambas especies; sin embargo, sí se detectaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en la composición de ácidos grasos de las tres fracciones lipídicas (glicéridos, fosfolípidos y ácidos grasos libres) y en los parámetros de color. El principal ácido graso en la carne de zorzal fue el ácido oleico (alrededor del 30%), siendo remarcable el alto contenido de ácido docosahexaenoico (C-22:6n-3) (mayor del 10% en las tres fracciones). La carne de tórtola presentó un alto contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (mayor del 50%), siendo los principales ácidos grasos poliinsaturados el linoleico (C-18:2n-6) y el araquidónico (C-20:4n-6)S

Emulsion characteristics of salad dressings as affected by caprine whey protein concentrates

Caprine whey protein concentrates (WPC) were incorporated as emulsifiers in a salad dressing. The concentrates were manufactured by ultrafiltration-diafiltration with or without previous clarification by thermocalcic precipitation. Aggregates obtained in the clarification treatment and a commercial bovine WPC were also used as emulsifiers. Good emulsifying properties of caprine products were observed. Dressings made with caprine products showed higher firmness and stability than dressings made with bovine WPC. Thermocalcic precipitation improved the properties of caprine WPC. Aggregates modified the colour of dressings contributing to a more yellowish aspect. Microstructure of emulsions was affected by the type of proteinThe authors thank the Xunta de Galicia (Galicia, Spain), GPC 2016/008 for financial supportS

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Olive Pomace: Scale Up from Laboratory to Pilot Scenario

Power ultrasound application has been proven to intensify the extraction of biocompounds from plant materials. In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols from olive pomace (OP) has been studied at three different scales: laboratory (batch, 400 W, 0 barg), medium (continuous, 1000 W, 1.0 barg), and pilot (continuous, 2000 W, 1.0 barg) taking into consideration the influence of technological parameters: extraction time (s), solvent to solid ratio (mL/g), mixture pH, and acoustic parameters: amplitude (&micro;m), intensity (W/cm2), and applied energy (Wh). A central composite design was used to optimize the UAE at laboratory scale (0.2 kg). The optimal conditions were: time: 490 s; ratio: 2.1 mL H2O/g OP; pH: 5.6 at an acoustic amplitude of 46 &micro;m for a maximum extraction yield of 3.6 g GAE/L of extract. At medium scale (2.2 kg) the UAE was carried out using amplitudes from 41 to 57 &micro;m. The effect of the pressure (1.0 barg) on the UAE was positive, in terms of higher extraction yield (2.9 g GAE/L) and faster extraction rates compared to the non-pressurized UAE (2.5 g GAE/L), however, the extraction yield was lower than the one observed at laboratory scale. At pilot scale (120 kg), the UAE involved different ultrasound constellations (booster + sonotrode) to deliver the ultrasound energy at different acoustic intensities from 23 to 57 W/cm2. The acoustic intensity (W/cm2) exerts an important effect on the extraction yield, and should be tailored to each process scale. The highest yield obtained at pilot-scale was 3.0 g GAE/L, and it was 58% higher than the one observed in the conventional extraction without ultrasound assistance (stirring and heating). In all tests, regardless of the scale, higher yields were observed between 80 and 85 &deg;C. The application of this technology at the industrial scale to evaluate if the improvement of the extraction caused by the application of ultrasound could is still important when other operations like centrifugation, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis are included in the system and to evaluate its techno-economic feasibility

Emulsion characteristics of salad dressings as affected by caprine whey protein concentrates

Caprine whey protein concentrates (WPC) were incorporated as emulsifiers in a salad dressing. The concentrates were manufactured by ultrafiltration-diafiltration with or without previous clarification by thermocalcic precipitation. Aggregates obtained in the clarification treatment and a commercial bovine WPC were also used as emulsifiers. Good emulsifying properties of caprine products were observed. Dressings made with caprine products showed higher firmness and stability than dressings made with bovine WPC. Thermocalcic precipitation improved the properties of caprine WPC. Aggregates modified the colour of dressings contributing to a more yellowish aspect. Microstructure of emulsions was affected by the type of protein

Detection and prevention of biological invasions in marinas and ports: Epibionts and associated fauna of Mytilus galloprovincialis revisited

Ports and marinas are gateways for introduction of non-indigenous species through ‘shipping’ worldwide. These anthropogenic environments concentrate a variety of artificial structures and substrates that are colonized by different types of organisms, being prone to biological invasions. One the most outstanding taxa in European marinas and ports are the mussels of the genus Mytilus. Mussels live in patches forming a three-dimensional, multi-layered and permanent biosubstrate that favours the settlement of sessile and mobile fauna, creating a perfect environment for the establishment and development of different species. In this study we characterized the biodiversity associated to the mussel patches of M. galloprovincialis in the Marina of Gijón (northern Spain, Cantabrian Sea), according to their status (i.e., native, introduced or alien, invasive and cryptogenic). The samples were collected from different areas of the marina: the outer dock (with national and international traffic), the middle dock and the inner one (both with local and national transit). We identified a total of 102 species associated to M. galloprovincialis, from which 13 and 4 species were invasive and alien respectively. The exotic fanworm Branchiomma luctusoum is reported for the first time in the Bay of Biscay and the Cantabrian Sea. The inner dock was the area with the highest number of non-indigenous taxa. Most of the alien and invasive species belonged to the groups Ascidiacea and Bryozoa, all of them filter feeders with great plasticity and ecological tolerance. Furthermore, the elemental composition microanalysis of the invasive bryozoan Watersipora subatra showed high levels of aluminium (a common element in marinas, being present in the fuel and in ship paintings), which may imply a risk of aluminium bioaccumulation in the environment. From these results we can conclude that mussel patches may facilitate the settlement and development of non-indigenous species in marinas, highlighting the importance of monitoring these mussel aggregations as a management tool for the early control and prevention of marine bioinvasions