Constraint through Delegation: The Case of Executive Control over Immigration Policy

This Article proposes recalibrating the separation of powers between the political branches in the context of their regulation of immigration law\u27s core questions: how many and what types of immigrants to admit to the United States. Whereas Congress holds a virtual monopoly over formal decisionmaking, the executive branch makes de facto admissions decisions using its discretionary enforcement power. As a result of this structure, stasis and excessive prosecutorial discretion characterize the regime, particularly with respect to labor migration. Both of these features exacerbate pathologies associated with illegal immigration and call for a structural response. This Article contends that Congress should create an executive branch agency, marked by indicia of independence, to set visa policy-an avenue increasingly contemplated by reformers. Though it may seem counterintuitive, delegation of greater authority can help constrain executive power by substituting a transparent process, subject to monitoring, for decisionmaking that occurs hidden from view. Delegation can also help overcome limitations in the legislative process that contribute to the current regime\u27s dysfunction, making immigration policy more efficient and effective. The Refugee Act of 1980 provides a parallel that is helpful in thinking through what it would mean to delegate ex ante admissions power to the executive

Surface modification after ethanol wet milling: A comparison between pristine glasses produced from natural minerals and analytical grade raw materials

Four glass compositions were produced taking into account different theoretical Leucite (KAlSi2O6)/Bioglass 45S5 (45% SiO2, 24.5% Na2O, 24.5% CaO, 6% P2O5) ratios using analytical grade reagents only; and replacing some of the reagents by natural minerals, all that were found to be bioactive when they were transformed to glass ceramics. Glasses of particle size below 174 μm were wet milled using ethanol in a high energy planetary ball mill. After wet milling, samples with 25 and 30% of theoretical Leucite content using reagents grade raw materials showed a higher dissolution rate in comparison to the same glasses made from natural mineral, while no differences were found on glasses with 40 and 50% of Leucite theoretical content. Samples with higher dissolution showed a crystalline carbonate phase named Pirssonite on its surface, while on the rest of samples amorphous carbonates were present.Fil: Stábile, Franco Matías. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Aguado, Elena. Universidad de Málaga; EspañaFil: Rodríguez Castellón, Enrique. Universidad de Málaga; EspañaFil: Volzone, Cristina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica; Argentin

Women´s judo in Spain. Past and present

[EN] Women interested in sports have faced up some barriers and prohibitions, in order to participate and become competitors, especially in martial arts and combat sports. Despite this, Spanish female judo has achieved great international success and the female participation in judo is high at all levels. However, their presence in sports media is not equal, taking into consideration the main results and medals obtained by female judokas from Spain. This study aims to show the history of women in judo, particularly in Spain, as well as to highlight their achievements. In addition to offering a description of the female judo coverage in the media and analyzing if there is an unequal treatment depending on the gender in judo. We started with a deep review of the literature about history of female judo, then the incursion and evolution of female judokas were examined and the main results of Spanish judokas since the beginning of women’s competitions were highlighted. Also, we performed a descriptive and an exploratory study to analyze the online press related to sport in Spain

Examining the structure of ideas of reference in clinical and community samples

Aims: This study addresses the psychometric properties of a Spanish validation of the REF scale of ideas of reference (IRs) in detecting and following at-risk mental states and psychosis. Methods: A total of 9447 participants were distributed in three groups: 676 patients with various diagnoses-154 with psychotic disorders, 6291 youths aged 11 to 20, and 2480 adult participants aged 21 to 84. Results: Youths had higher scores than adults on IRs, observing a progressive decrease and stabilization in the twenties. Exploratory factor analysis provided a structure for the overall IRs score, with five first-order dimensions and one second-order dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure with excellent fit. The REF scale was invariant across sex and samples. The internal consistency of the complete scale was excellent and acceptable across the five first-order factors. Strong relationships were found with the positive dimension of the community assessment of psychic experience-42, as well as with aberrant salience. Low and moderate relationships were found with public self-consciousness, anxiety, and depression. Youths and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders had a high mean IRs frequency. Male sex, greater age (among the adults), and the "causal explanations", "Songs, newspapers, books" and laughing and commenting" REF subscales showed predictive power in the diagnostic categories of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

La enseňanza del espaňol en la República Checa. Problemas específicos

En este artículo se presentan algunas particularidades de la enseňanza del espaňol en la República Checa, en el contexto de las secciones bilingües del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Se centra, ante todo, en los problemas específicos que muestran los estudiantes checos cuando aprenden espaňol. Al inicio del artículo se hace una breve presentación de cuál es la situación actual del espaňol en la República Checa; a continuación, se da una explicación básica de cómo funciona el checo y cuáles son las principales diferencias en comparación con el espaňol; y por último, se hace un repaso de los problemas más comunes que manifiestan los estudiantes checos en espaňol. De este modo el profesor podrá comprender mejor su origen y será capaz de solventarlos de forma más eficaz.V tomto článku jsou představené některé zvláštnosti vzhledem k vyučování španělského jazyka v České republice, v rámci dvojjazyčných sekcí přes španělské Ministerstvo školství, kultury a tělovýchovy. Zaměří se zejména na konkretní problémy vykazované českými studenty, když se učí španělštinu. Na začátku článku je krátké představení o tom, jaká je současná situace španělštiny v České republice. Dále jsou uvedeny základy českého jazyka a jejich hlavní rozdíly ve srovnání se španělštinou. Na závěr je přehled nejčastějších problémů u studentů, kteří se učí španělštinu. Tím způsobem učitel bude schopen rozumět lépe jejich příčině a bude moct vyřešit je efektivněji.The aim of this article is to present some distinctive features about teaching Spanish in the Czech Republic, within the context of the bilingual sections supported by the Spanish Government. It focuses, above all, on the specific problems showed by Czech students while learning Spanish. In the first part of the article, there is a brief presentation about the current situation of Spanish in the Czech Republic. In the second part, we find a basic explanation about Czech language and how it works, especially its differences in comparison to Spanish. In the last part, there is an overview of the most common problems showed by Czech students when they learn Spanish. Thus, any teacher will be able to understand their origin better and solve them more efficiently