La literatura como fuente de la historia : los republicanos españoles en los campos de concentración

Al terminar en 1939 la Guerra Civil española, centenares de miles de republicanos se refugiaron en Francia, muchos de ellos lucharon después contra las tropas de ocupación nazis y contra el régimen de Vichy, muchos de ellos fueron detenidos y deportados a campos de concentración alemanes (caso de Max Aub, internado en Le Vernet primero y en Djelfa en Argelia después). Como hicieron otros republicanos españoles en esas circunstancias, Semprún reconstruyó su permanencia en Buchenwaid en varios de sus libros pero especialmente en Aquel domingo con el propósito de transmitir un testimonio histórico de la lucha contra el nazismo y de los horrores increíbles de esos campos a las nuevas generaciones. Max Aub, por su parte, también ha descrito en varias de sus obras sus atroces experiencias tanto en Le Vernet como en Djelfa, pero de forma especial en Diario de Djelfa, campo equiparable a los peores de exterminio nazi. Esas dos obras de Semprún y de Aub son una contribución de indudable valor histórico para reconstruir las inimaginables experiencias de los republicanos españoles en los campos de concentración de Alemania y Francia.At the end of the Spainsh Civil War in 1939, hundreds of thousands of republicans fled to France, many of them later fought against the nazi occupation forces and the Vichy regime, many of them were arrested and deported to German concentration camps (as was the case of Jorge Semprún, who was taken to Buchenwaid) or French internment camps (such as Max Aub, who was internad first at Le Vernet and later at Djelfa, Algeria). Like other republicans who lived through the same circumstances, Semprún revived the time he had to spent in Buchenwaid in several of his books, but especially in Aquel domingo with the aim of bearing testimony to the new generations of the struggle against nazism and the incredible horrors committed in those camps. Max Aub has described in several of his works the terrible experiencias he had both at Le Vernet and at Djelfa, but especially in Diario de Djelfa, a camp comparable to the worst nazi extermination camps. These two books of Semprún and Aub are a contribution of unquestionable historial value to keep alive the memory of the unimaginable sufferings Spainsh republicans had to live through in German and French concentration camps

El teatro de Manuel Andújar: contribución a su estudio

Manuel Andújar, mostly known as a great novelist among the narrators of the 1939 exile, is known little in Spain as an author of dramas. His scenic creation was marginal for him, and most of his works were published during the years of his exile in Mexico. Only in 1993, one volume containing seven works came out in Spain. Among the twelve plays he wrote altogether, there are four long ones and eight short ones. The intensions of Andújar as a playwright were rather different from those as a novelist, and in his dramatic work, two phases can be distinguished: a first phase of political theatre is followed by a second one of ethical and estetical theatre. As a representive example, Los aniversarios (1962) is commented here. Unfortunately, in spite of being a valuable and worthy complement to his narrative work, Andújar's theatre has hardly ever been put on stage until now and if so, never by professional companies.Manuel Andújar, conocido sobre todo como un gran novelista entre los narradores del exilio de 1939, es poco conocido en España como autor teatral: la creación escénica tuvo para él un carácter marginal y la mayoría de sus obras se publicaron en el exilio mejicano. Sólo en 1993 aparece un volumen en España con siete obras. De las doce que en total ha escrito, cuatro son de larga extensión y ocho piezas breves. Los objetivos del dramaturgo Andújar se diferencian bastante de los del novelista, incluso la primera etapa de su teatro (política) se distingue de la segunda (ética y estética). Como ejemplo representativo se comenta Los aniversarios (1962). Lamentablemente, el teatro de Andújar, valioso y digno complemento de su narrativa, apenas ha sido estrenado hasta ahora y nunca por compañías profesionales

The use of nomograms in LDR-HDR prostate brachytherapy

Purpose: The common use of nomograms in Low Dose Rate (LDR) permanent prostate brachytherapy (BT) allowsto estimate the number of seeds required for an implant. Independent dosimetry verification is recommended for eachclinical dosimetry in BT. Also, nomograms can be useful for dose calculation quality assurance and they could be adaptedto High Dose Rate (HDR). This work sets nomograms for LDR and HDR prostate-BT implants, which are applied tothree different institutions that use different implant techniques. Material and methods: Patients treated throughout 2010 till April 2011 were considered for this study. This examplewas chosen to be the representative of the latest implant techniques and to ensure consistency in the planning. A sufficientnumber of cases for both BT modalities, prescription dose and different work methodology (depending on theinstitution) were taken into account. The specific nomograms were built using the correlation between the prostatevo lume and some characteristic parameters of each BT modality, such as the source Air Kerma Strength, numberof implanted seeds in LDR or total radiation time in HDR. Results: For each institution and BT modality, nomograms normalized to the prescribed dose were obtained andfitted to a linear function. The parameters of the adjustment show a good agreement between data and the fitting.It should be noted that for each institution these linear function parameters are different, indicating that each centreshould construct its own nomograms. Conclusions: Nomograms for LDR and HDR prostate brachytherapy are simple quality assurance tools, specific foreach institution. Nevertheless, their use should be complementary to the necessary independent verification