3 research outputs found
A new model of justice that repairs the damage caused
Lâobjectiu dâaquest article Ă©s exposar, dâuna banda, les bases que sustenten el dret penal des dâun plantejament divulgatiu que ajudi a comprendre a un pĂșblic no necessĂ riament especialitzat els fins de la pena, aixĂ com els diversos models de cĂ stig i tractament quehistĂČricament sâhan aplicat a les persones que han comĂšs un delicte. PerĂČ, dâaltra banda, el text pretĂ©n avançar en la modernitzaciĂł de la justĂcia, desprĂ©s dâassenyalar els lĂmits que el sistema penal troba en lâactualitat. AixĂ, es planteja un seguit de propostes que des del prisma dâuna justĂcia restaurativa significarien no nomĂ©s unes penes mĂ©s actuals i mĂ©s acords a la dignitat humana, sinĂł que tambĂ© serien mĂ©s sostenibles tant des dâun punt de vista social com econĂČmic. La justĂcia restaurativa, amb els seus inseparables elements Ăštics, Ă©s, en aquest sentit, el paradigma des del qual entenem que la justĂcia penal es pot isâha de modificar atribuint a la reparaciĂł un important paper durant tot el procĂ©s.El objetivo de este artĂculo es exponer, por un lado, las bases que sustentan el derecho penal desde un planteamiento divulgativo que ayude a comprender a un pĂșblico no necesariamente especializado los fines de la pena, asĂ como los diversos modelos de castigo y tratamiento que histĂłricamente se han aplicado a las personas que han cometido un delito.Pero, por otro, el texto pretende avanzar en la modernizaciĂłn de la justicia, tras señalar los lĂmites que el sistema penal encuentra en la actualidad. AsĂ, se plantea una serie de propuestas que desde el prisma de una justicia restaurativa significarĂan no solo unas penas mĂĄs actuales y mĂĄs acordes a la dignidad humana, sino que tambiĂ©n serĂan mĂĄssostenibles tanto desde un punto de vista social como econĂłmico. La justicia restaurativa, con sus inseparables elementos Ă©ticos, es, en este sentido, el paradigma desde el que entendemos que la justicia penal puede y debe modificarse atribuyendo a la reparaciĂłn un importante papel durante todo el proceso.The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to set out in a clear expository form the bases that underpin Spanish criminal law, in order to assist a generally non-specialist public in understanding the objectives of sentencing and the different models of punishment and treatment that have historically been applied to people convicted of a crime. On the other hand, the article seeks to contribute to the modernization of criminal justice by noting some of the limitations under which the penal systemcurrently labours. To this end it puts forward a series of proposals from the perspective of restorative justice which would make sentencing not only less antiquated and more consistent with human dignity, but would also bemore sustainable from both a social and an economic point of view. Restorative justice, with its inseparable ethical elements, is, in this respect, the paradigm from which we consider that criminal justice can and should be modified, in assigning an important role in the whole process to reparation
Un nou model de justĂcia que repari el dany causat
Lâobjectiu dâaquest article Ă©s exposar, dâuna banda, les bases que sustenten el dret penal des dâun plantejament divulgatiu que ajudi a comprendre a un pĂșblic no necessĂ riament especialitzat els fins de la pena, aixĂ com els diversos models de cĂ stig i tractament que histĂČricament sâhan aplicat a les persones que han comĂšs un delicte. PerĂČ, dâaltra banda, el text pretĂ©n avançar en la modernitzaciĂł de la justĂcia, desprĂ©s dâassenyalar els lĂmits que el sistema penal troba en lâactualitat. AixĂ, es planteja un seguit de propostes que des del prisma dâuna justĂcia restaurativa significarien no nomĂ©s unes penes mĂ©s actuals i mĂ©s acords a la dignitat humana, sinĂł que tambĂ© serien mĂ©s sostenibles tant des dâun punt de vista social com econĂČmic. La justĂcia restaurativa, amb els seus inseparables elements Ăštics, Ă©s, en aquest sentit, el paradigma des del qual entenem que la justĂcia penal es pot i sâha de modificar atribuint a la reparaciĂł un important paper durant tot el procĂ©s.El objetivo de este artĂculo es exponer, por un lado, las bases que sustentan el derecho penal desde un planteamiento divulgativo que ayude a comprender a un pĂșblico no necesariamente especializado los fines de la pena, asĂ como los diversos modelos de castigo y tratamiento que histĂłricamente se han aplicado a las personas que han cometido un delito. Pero, por otro, el texto pretende avanzar en la modernizaciĂłn de la justicia, tras señalar los lĂmites que el sistema penal encuentra en la actualidad. AsĂ,
se plantea una serie de propuestas que desde el prisma de una justicia restaurativa significarĂan no solo unas penas mĂĄs actuales y
mĂĄs acordes a la dignidad humana, sino que tambiĂ©n serĂan mĂĄs sostenibles tanto desde un punto de vista social como econĂłmico. La justicia restaurativa, con sus inseparables elementos Ă©ticos, es, en este sentido, el paradigma desde el que entendemos que la justicia penal puede y debe modificarse atribuyendo a la reparaciĂłn un importante papel durante todo el proceso.The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to set out in a clear expository form the bases that underpin Spanish criminal law, in order
to assist a generally non-specialist public in understanding the objectives of sentencing and the different models of punishment and
treatment that have historically been applied to people convicted of a crime. On the other hand, the article seeks to contribute to the modernization of criminal justice by noting some of the limitations under which the penal system currently labours. To this end it puts forward a series of proposals from the perspective of restorative justice which would make sentencing not only less antiquated and more consistent with human dignity, but would also be more sustainable from both a social and an economic point of view. Restorative justice, with its inseparable ethical elements, is, in this respect, the paradigm from which we consider that criminal justice can and should be modified, in assigning an important role in the whole process to reparation
A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance
We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt IniciaciĂłn grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013â2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science â MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.