Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications

The occurrence of plant fossils on Madeira Island has been known since the mid-nineteenth century. Charles Lyell and George Hartung discovered a leaf bed rich in Lauraceae and fern fossils at S~ao Jorge in 1854. The determinations were controversial but a full review was never performed. Here we propose possible geological settings for the fossiliferous outcrop, and present an inventory and a systematic review of the surviving specimens of the S~ao Jorge macroflora. The S~ao Jorge leaf bed no longer outcrops due to a landslide in 1865. It was possible to establish the two alternative volcano stratigraphical settings in the sedimentary intercalations from the Middle Volcanic Complex, ranging in age from 7 to 1.8 Ma. The descriptions of Heer (1857), Bunbury (1859) and Hartung & Mayer (1864) are reviewed based on 82 surviving specimens. From the initial 37 taxa, we recognize only 20: Osmunda sp., Pteridium aquilinum, Asplenium cf. onopteris, aff. Asplenium, cf. Polystichum, cf. Davallia, Woodwardia radicans, Filicopsida gen. et sp. indet. 1 and 2, Ocotea foetens, Salix sp., Erica arborea, cf. Vaccinium, Rubus sp, cf. Myrtus, Magnoliopsida gen. et sp. indet. 1 to 3, Liliopsida gen. et sp. indet. 1. Magnoliopsida gen. et sp. indet. 4 is based on one previously undescribed flower or fruit. The floristic composition of the S~ao Jorge fossils resembles the current floristic association of temperate stink laurel (Ocotea foetens) forest, suggesting a warm and humid palaeoclimate and indicating that laurel forests were present in Macaronesia at least since the Gelasian, a time when the palaeotropical geofloral elements were almost extinct in Europe.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of different soil tillage systems and coverages on soybean crop in the Botucatu Region in Brazil

Nowadays, agricultural practices should combine high yields with a sustainable use of resources. Different tillage practices and crop covers, if combined, may help to achieve both objectives. In this work, several traits of a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cultivar were studied under different conditions of tillage and previous soil coverages. The experiment was installed at Lageado Research Station, Botucatu county, SP, Brazil, on a Paleudult. It consisted of nine treatments (combining three systems of soil tillage and three cover crops) and 4 replicates, yielding 36 plots of a randomized block experimental design. The soil tillage systems considered were: (1) conventional tillage with two heavy harrowing and a levelling harrowing; (2) chiseling, and (3) no-tillage with chemical drying of vegetation. The three cover crops used were: black oat, sorghum and spontaneous vegetation. Analyzed variables were: plant height, initial and final plant densities, height of first pod insertion, weight of a thousand grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and crop yield. No significant differences were observed for most of the analyzed variables; however, conventional tillage produced significantly heavier grains and a higher number of pods per plant. The selected covers were considered an excellent coverage prior to planting soybean in a crop rotation. The three tillage systems can be used for deployment of culture without compromising the development of soybean

Effects of different soil tillage systems and coverages on soybean crop

Abstract Nowadays, agricultural practices should combine high yields with a sustainable use of resources. Different tillage practices and crop covers, if combined, may help to achieve both objectives. In this work, several traits of a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cultivar were studied under different conditions of tillage and previous soil coverages. The experiment was installed at Lageado Research Station, Botucatu county, SP, Brazil, on a Paleudult. It consisted of nine treatments (combining three systems of soil tillage and three cover crops) and 4 replicates, yielding 36 plots of a randomized block experimental design. The soil tillage systems considered were: (i) conventional tillage with two heavy harrowing and a levelling harrowing; (ii) chiseling, and (iii) no-tillage with chemical drying of vegetation. The three cover crops used were: black oat, sorghum and spontaneous vegetation. Analyzed variables were: plant height, initial and final plant densities, height of first pod insertion, weight of a thousand grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and crop yield. No significant differences were observed for most of the analyzed variables; however, conventional tillage produced significantly heavier grains and a higher number of pods per plant. The selected covers were considered an excellent coverage prior to planting soybean in a crop rotation. The three tillage systems can be used for deployment of culture without compromising the development of soybean. Additional key words: black oat, chisel, Glycine max, heavy harrow, sorghum, yield. Resumen Efectos de diferentes sistemas de laboreo del suelo y coberturas vegetales sobre la cosecha de soja en la región de Botucatu en Brasil Actualmente, las prácticas agrícolas deben combinar elevadas productividades con un uso sostenible de los recursos. Diferentes sistemas de laboreo y coberturas vegetales, combinados, pueden ayudar a conseguir ambos objetivos. En este trabajo se han estudiado diversos aspectos de un cultivar de soja (Glycine max L. Merr) sometido a diferentes condiciones de laboreo y cobertura vegetal. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental de Lageado, Botucatu (São Paulo, Brasil) sobre un Paleudult, y constó de nueve tratamientos (tres sistemas de laboreo y tres coberturas vegetales combinados) y cuatro repeticiones, totalizando 36 parcelas con un diseño experimental en bloques aleatorios. Los sistemas de laboreo considerados fueron (i) laboreo convencional con dos gradas pesadas y una niveladora; (ii) escarificado y (iii) no laboreo con desecación química de la vegetación. Las tres coberturas utilizadas fueron la avena negra, el sorgo y la vegetación espontánea. Las variables analizadas fueron altura de las plantas, densidad inicial y final de plantas, altura de la inserción de la primera vaina, peso de mil granos, número de vainas por planta y de granos por vaina y productividad de la cosecha. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las variables; sin embargo, el laboreo convencional produjo granos significativamente más pesados y un mayor número de vainas por planta. Las coberturas seleccionadas se consideraron excelentes previas a la plantación de soja en una rotación de cultivos. Los tres sistemas de laboreo pueden implementar el cultivo sin comprometer el desarrollo de la soja

Reliability of summer crop masks derived from second order polynomial equations.

Remote Sensing techniques are useful to determine planted areas, especially of commodities like maize and soybeans (summer cultures). The vegetation indexes as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) has been used to map agricultural areas due to its low cost and accessibility. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop a new methodology to generate masks of summer crops based on fitting second order polynomial equations to temporal NDVI profiles. The results showed that selecting polynomial equations with r2 fitting above 0.75, a Kappa index of 0.86 and a global accuracy of 93% is obtained. This is slightly higher than the results obtained when using the maximum-minimum NDVI technique, with a Kappa index of 0.82 and a global accuracy of 91%. However, while quantifying the areas under study, one verified that the mask used by the proposed methodology, was closer to the official IBGE data, with a difference of -10.25%, followed by the vector technique with 23% and by the maximum-minimum NDVI, with a difference of 42.8%.201

Insetos fitófagos associados à cultura do pinhão-manso no Rio Grande do Sul.

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Publications of bone marrow transplants in Latin America. A report of the Latin American Group of Bone Marrow Transplantation

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