In vitro biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum on Alternaria alternata in the presence of growth regulators

http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582001000200006&lng=es&nrm=isoThe in vitro biocontrol ability of Trichoderma harzianum on the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata improved in the presence of the growth regulators gibberellic acid (GA3), or indolacetic acid (IAA) or benzylaminopurine (BAP) or foliar nutrient at concentrations similar or higher than those used at the field level. These plant hormones decreased the secretion of endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) of A. alternata by approximately 20%, did not modify endochitinase (endo-CH) secretion of T. harzianum and did not alter germination of conidia or mycelia growth of any of these fungi. The presence of T. harzianum decreased endo-PGase secretion of A. alternata by about 50%. This inhibitory effect was independent of the presence of growth regulators. The level of secreted endo-PG of T. harzianum was not modified by the presence of A. alternata, but the presence of this phytopathogen in cultures of T. harzianum, increased both the growth of the biocontroller and its secretion of endo-CH

Relación entre consumo de carbohidratos simples y potencial cariogénico dietético en pacientes de 7 a 10 años, centro de Clínicas Odontológicas, Universidad de Talca

71 p.La caries dental es una de las patologías bucales más prevalentes en el mundo y en nuestro país, constituyendo la principal causa de la pérdida de piezas dentarias. Enfermedad bacteriana multifactorial que para su instalación necesita la interacción de cuatro factores básicos: Huésped, microflora, sustrato y tiempo. Resulta así, importante conocer acerca del sustrato, principalmente hidratos de carbono simple, que al interactuar con el huésped acidifica el medio, provocando destrucción lenta y progresiva del material mineral de la pieza dentaria, provocando la enfermedad bucodental. Este estudio pretende determinar si existe asociación entre las características de consumo de carbohidratos simples y el Potencial Cariogénico dietético, en pacientes de 7 a 10 años de edad que fueron ingresados en el CCO entre los años 2008 y 2010. Objetivo General: Relacionar las características de consumo de carbohidratos simples con el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético en pacientes de 7 a 10 años de edad, atendidos entre los años 2008 y 2010 en el Centro de Clínicas Odontológicas de la Universidad de Talca. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de tipo Descriptivo de Corte Transversal, en el cual se analizaron las características de consumo de carbohidratos simples, como la frecuencia de ingesta, momentos de ingesta, consistencia con el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético y edad, en 704 fichas de pacientes de 7 a 10 años, ingresados al CCO de la Universidad de Talca entre los años 2008 – 2010. Los datos necesarios fueron obtenidos por un sólo examinador, la cual los registró en una planilla Excel creada especialmente para el estudio. Se aplicó el Estadístico Exacto de Fisher y Análisis de Correspondencia a través del programa computacional Infostat. Los resultados se expresaron en números enteros. Resultados:• Existe asociación entre las características de consumo de carbohidratos simples con el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético (p < 0,0001). Existe mayor relación del Potencial Cariogénico Dietético alto con: Frecuencia de Ingestas de 6 o más veces al día, los Momentos de Ingesta entre comidas y Consistencia blanda y adhesiva. Existe mayor asociación del Potencial Cariogénico Dietético moderado con: Frecuencia de Ingestas de 4 a 5 veces al día, ambos Momentos de Ingesta y Consistencia blanda y adhesiva. Y el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético bajo obtuvo mayor asociación con: Frecuencia de Ingesta de 2 a 3 veces al día, Momentos de Ingesta con las comidas y Consistencia firme y fibrosa. • La distribución de los fichas por año y edad fue: Para el año 2008 se presentaron 54 a los 7 años, 40 a los 8, 47 a los 9 y 15 fichas a los 10 años; Para el año 2009 se presentaron 89 a los 7 años, 86 a los 8, 48 a los 9 y 30 a los 10 años; Para el año 2010 se presentaron 86 a los 7 años, 87 a los 8, 66 a los 9 y 56 a los 10 años. • No existe asociación entre la edad y el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético (p= 0,549), el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético alto corresponde al mayor porcentaje con un 57,7%. • Existe asociación entre la Frecuencia de Ingesta y el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético (p < 0,0001), el mayor porcentaje fue de 4 a 5 Momentos de Ingesta al día correspondiente al 54,1% de todas las fichas revisadas con el PCD alto correspondiente al 52,3% de este tipo de momentos de ingesta.• Existe asociación entre los Momentos de Ingesta y el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético (p < 0,0001), es mayor entre y con las comidas (ambos), con el 67,9% con el PCD alto correspondiente al 60,9% de este grupo. • Existe asociación entre la Consistencia y el Potencial Cariogénico Dietético (p < 0,0001), fue mayor la consistencia blanda y adhesiva en un 95,3% con el PCD alto correspondiente al 59% del grupo. • No existe asociación entre la edad y las características de consumo. Frecuencia de ingesta y edad (p = 0,151); Momentos de ingesta y edad (p =0,170); Consistencia y edad (p = 0,966). Sin embargo la Frecuencia de ingesta fue mayor a los 9 años (55,9%), los Momentos de Ingesta fue mayor a los 8 años (71,8%) y la Consistencia fue mayor a los 9 años (95,7%), no siendo cifras estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: • En el presente estudio existió asociación estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,0001), entre las características de consumo con Potencial Cariogénico Dietético. La mayor frecuencia de ingesta fue de 4 a 5 momentos, en los momentos de ingesta fue mayor entre y con las comidas y la consistencia fue blanda y adhesiva. En todas predominó el PCD alto. • No existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad y las características de consumo; tanto en la frecuencia de ingesta (p = 0,151), momentos de ingesta (p= 0,170) y consistencia (p= 0,966). Palabras claves: Frecuencia de ingesta, momentos de ingesta, consistencia, Potencial Cariogénico dietético, ficha clínica, Centro de Clínicas Odontológicas (CCO), Carbohidratos simples./ABSTRACT: Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral diseases in the world and in our country, the main cause of tooth loss. Bacterial disease multifactorial for installation requires the interaction of four basic factors: Guest, microflora, substrate and time. It is thus important to know about the substrate, especially simple carbohydrates, which interact with the host to acidify the medium, causing slow and progressive destruction of the mineral material the Tooth, causing oral disease. This study aims to determine the association between the characteristics of simple carbohydrate intake and Dietary Cariogenic Potential in patients 7-10 years of age who were admitted to the CCO between 2008 and 2010. General Objective: Relate the characteristics of simple carbohydrate intake with dietary cariogenic potential patients 7-10 years of age, treated between 2008 and 2010 at the Center for Dental Clinics of the University of Talca.Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of cross section, in which we analyzed the characteristics of simple carbohydrates, such as frequency of intake, time of intake, consistent with the Dietary cariogenic potential and age, in 704 patient files of 7 to 10 years, admitted to CCO Talca University between the years 2008 to 2010. The necessary data were obtained by a single examiner, which registered them in an Excel spreadsheet created especially for the study. We applied the Fisher exact test and correspondence analysis through Infostat computer program. The results are expressed in integers. Results: • There is an association between the characteristics of simple arbohydrates with cariogenic diet (p <0.0001). There's more to do with high dietary cariogenic potential: Frequency of intake of 6 or more times a day, moments of intake between meals and soft and sticky consistency. There is more cariogenic potential Dietetic Association moderated: Frequency Intakes of 4-5 times a day, two times of ingestion and soft and sticky consistency. And the low dietary cariogenic scored higher association with: Frequency of intake of 2 to 3 times a day, times of ingestion with meals and firm and fibrous.• The distribution of the records by year and age was: By the year 2008 there were 54 at age 7, 40 and 8, 47 at 9 and 15 tokens to 10 years for 2009 were presented to 89 7 years, 86 to 8, 48 to 9 and 30 to 10 years By 2010 there were 86 to 7 years, 87 to 8, 66 to 9 and 56 to 10 years. • There is no association between age and cariogenic diet (p = 0.549), the high dietary cariogenic potential corresponds to the highest percentage with 57.7%.• There is an association between frequency of intake and cariogenic diet (p <0.0001), the highest percentage was 4-5 moments daily intake corresponding to 54.1% of all cards reviewed with the corresponding high PCD 52.3% of this type of intake times. • There is an association between the times of ingestion and cariogenic diet (p <0.0001), and higher among meals (both), with 67.9% with high PCD corresponding to 60.9% of this group. • A relationship between consistency and cariogenic diet (p <0.0001), greater consistency was soft and sticky by 95.3% with high PCD corresponding to 59% of the group. • There is no association between age and consumption characteristics. Frequency of intake and age (p = 0.151); Moments intake and age (p = 0.170); Consistency and age (p = 0.966). However, the frequency of intake was higher at age 9 (55.9%), the times of ingestion was higher at 8 years (71.8%) and consistency was higher at age 9 (95.7%) , not being statistically significant figures. Conclusions: • In this study, statistically significant association (p = 0.0001), between consumer characteristics Dietary cariogenic potential. The highest frequency of intake was 4 to 5 times, in times of intake was higher and with meals and consistency was soft and sticky. In all high PCD predominated. • No statistically significant association between age and consumption characteristics, both in frequency of intake (p = 0.151), time of intake (p = 0.170) and consistency (p = 0.966). Keywords: Frequency of intake, time of intake, consistency, Cariogenic Potential Dietary, clinical records, Dental Clinics Center (BCC), simple carbohydrates

Oligosaccharides released by pectinase treatment of Citrus limon seedlings are elicitors of the plant response

Oligosaccharides of different sizes were released from intact Citrus limon seedlings treated with endopolygalacturonase obtained from Alternaria alternata. Also, an increase of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and the formation of a phytoalexin, were observed. Only mechanically damaged, but not intact seedlings, were able to increase their PAL activity and to synthesize a phytoalexin, in response to isolated oligomers released from plant cell walls or obtained from polygalacturonic acid (PGA). The active oligomers (pectic fragments obtained from cell walls or pectic fragments obtained from PGA) contained between 17 and 23, or 13 to 20 units of galacturonic acid, respectively. Maximal PAL activation was obtained after 20 hr treatment of intact seedlings with endopolygalacturonase and after 7 or 4 hr of treatment of damaged seedlings with endopolygalacturonase or oligosaccharides, respectively. Also, as a result of the increase of PAL activity, the appearance of a phytoalexin

Frequencies of 23 functionally significant variant alleles related with metabolism of antineoplastic drugs in the Chilean population: comparison with Caucasian and Asian populations

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The cancer incidence rate in Chile is 133.7/100,000 inhabitants and it is the second cause of death, after cardiovascular diseases. Most of the antineoplastic drugs are metabolized to be detoxified, and some of them to be activated. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes can induce deep changes in enzyme activity, leading to individual variability in drug efficacy and/or toxicity. The present research describes the presence of genetic polymorphisms in the Chilean population, which might be useful in public health programs for personalized treatment of cancer, and compare these frequencies with those reported for Asian and Caucasian populations, as a contribution to the evaluation of ethnic differences in the response to chemotherapy.We analyzed 23 polymorphisms in a group of 253 unrelated Chilean volunteers from the general population. The results showed that CYP2A6*2, CYP2A6*3, CYP2D6*3, CYP2C19*3 and CYP3A4*17 variant alleles are virtually absent in Chileans. CYP1A1*2A allele frequency (0.37) is similar to that of Caucasians and higher than that reported for Japanese people. Allele frequencies for CYP3A5*3 (0.76) and CYP2C9*3 (0.04) are similar to those observed in Japanese people. CYP1A1*2C (0.32), CYP1A2*1F (0.77), CYP3A4*1B(0.06), CYP2D6*2(0.41) and MTHFR T(0.52) allele frequencies are higher than the observed either in Caucasian or in Japanese populations. Conversely, CYP2C19*2 allele frequency (0.12) and GSTT1null (0.11) and GSTM1null (0.36) genotype frequencies are lower than those observed in both populations. Finally, allele frequencies for CYP2A6*4(0.04), CYP2C8*3(0.06), CYP2C9*2(0.06), CYP2D6*4(0.12), CYP2E1*5B(0.14), CYP2E1*6(0.19), and UGT2B7*2(0.40) are intermediate in relation to those described in Caucasian and in Japanese populations, as expected according to the ethnic origin of the Chilean population.In conclusion, our findings support the idea that ethnic variability must be considere

Analysis of the morphology of Citrus lemon seedlings inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum and Alternaria alternata

Lemmon seedlings were inoculated with conidia from Trichoderma harzianum or Alternaria alternata, and were observed by optical and electron microscopy. Observations were made at time periods corresponding to maximal induction of the phenylpropanoid pathways, measured as the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The induction of this pathway leads to the synthesis of defense metabolites, umbelliferone and scoparone, which are part of the hypersensitive response of lemon seedlings against inoculation by these fungi. Seedlings inoculated with T. harzianum showed degradation of cell walls. an observation that can be explained due to the cellulotyc activity of this fungus. On the other hand, A. alternata produces loss of cell structure without obvius disruption of cell walls, which correlates with its pectinolytic activity. Results showing the king of damage observed in lemmon seedlings, is related to the major enzyme secreted by each fungus. Therefore, the complete destruction of the plant cell wall is not necessary to induce the hypersensitive reaction, since both T. harzianum and A. alternata are able to elicit this response

Farmacogenómica: Aplicaciones cardiovasculares

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un importante problema de salud pública al ser la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Por ello, existe la creciente necesidad de tratamientos farmacoterapéuticos más eficaces y seguros. Sin embargo, a pesar de que los médicos prescriben fármacos sobre la base de las características farmacológicas del medicamento y la probabilidad de obtener resultados clínicamente reproducibles, muchos de los fármacos son eficaces sólo entre 25-60% de los pacientes. En este sentido es que la Farmacogenómica, a través del estudio de variantes genéticas de proteínas involucradas en la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de los medicamentos, persigue maximizar su eficacia y seguridad. Este trabajo pretende dar una visión general acerca de farmacogenómica cardiovascular y la posibilidad de utilizar, en la consulta clínica, herramientas genéticas para apoyar la decisión farmacoterapéutica, con el objeto de mejorar la respuesta al tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares, un paso hacia la medicina personalizada en Chile

Impact of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms in overall and specific prostate cancer survival

Objective: Prognostic biomarkers that distinguish between patients with good or poor outcome can be used to guide decisions of whom to treat and how aggressively. In this sense, several groups have proposed genetic polymorphisms as potential susceptibility and prognostic biomarkers; however, their validity has not been proven. Thus, the main goal of the present work was to investigate the potential role of single and combined CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genotypes as modifiers of cancer survival in Chilean patients with prostate cancer. Methods and materials: A total of 260 histologically confirmed patients were recruited from a voluntary screening, and genomic DNA was obtained from their blood samples for genotyping analyses to detect the CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions. The progression of illness and mortality were estimated with a median follow-up of 8.82 years. Adjusted estimated genotype risks were evaluated by hazard ratio and 95% CI using the Cox proportional m

Perception of the usefulness of drug/gene pairs and barriers for pharmacogenomics in latin America

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics areas are currently emerging fields focused to manage pharmacotherapy that may prevent undertreatment while avoiding associated drug toxicity in patients. Large international differences in the awareness and in the use of pharmacogenomic testing are presumed, but not well assessed to date. In the present study we review the awareness of Latin American scientific community about pharmacogenomic testing and the perceived barriers for their clinical application. In order to that, we have compiled information from 9 countries of the region using a structured survey which is compared with surveys previously performed in USA and Spain. The most relevant group of barriers was related to the need for clear guidelines for the use of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice, followed by insufficient awareness about pharmacogenomics among clinicians and the absence of regulatory institutions that facilitate the use of pharmacogenetic tests. The higher ranked pa