Antibiotic prescribing for otitis media: how well does it match published guidelines?

Otitis media (OM) accounts for ∼ 31 million physician visits annually, and is typically treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is the recommended first-line treatment; appropriate antibiotic use slows the development of resistance. We analyzed insurance claims from families of employees working at a single company to determine if OM treatments (1) matched published standards; and (2) varied by patient characteristics, type of physician practice or geographic location. Persons diagnosed with OM between 1996 and 1999 were matched to prescription drug claims for those who filled an antibiotic prescription within 3 days of diagnosis. Physicians prescribed amoxicillin for only 31% of acute cases and 19% of recurrent cases. For acute infections in children≤ 2 years the prescribed duration often matched the standard of 10 days, but for persons > 2 years the prescribed duration was often longer than the suggested duration of 5–7 days. For persons of all ages with recurrent infections, the prescribed duration was often shorter than suggested (10 days versus≥ 14 days). There were only modest variations by urban/rural location or provider type. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/35156/1/763_ftp.pd

Prevalence of contraindications to mefloquine use among USA military personnel deployed to Afghanistan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mefloquine has historically been considered safe and well-tolerated for long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis, but its prescribing requires careful attention to rule out contraindications to its use, including a history of certain psychiatric and neurological disorders. The prevalence of these disorders has not been defined in cohorts of U.S. military personnel deployed to areas where long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis is indicated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Military medical surveillance and pharmacosurveillance databases were utilized to identify contraindications to mefloquine use among a cohort of 11,725 active duty U.S. military personnel recently deployed to Afghanistan.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 9.6% of the cohort had evidence of a contraindication. Females were more than twice as likely as males to have a contraindication (OR = 2.48, P < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings underscore the importance of proper systematic screening prior to prescribing and dispensing mefloquine, and the need to provide alternatives to mefloquine suitable for long-term administration among deployed U.S. military personnel.</p

Biological therapies in the systemic management of psoriasis: International Consensus Conference

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder that usually requires long-term treatment for control. Approximately 25% of patients have moderate to severe disease and require phototherapy, systemic therapy or both. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, the long-term management of psoriasis can be complicated by treatment-related limitations. With advances in molecular research and technology, several biological therapies are in various stages of development and approval for psoriasis. Biological therapies are designed to modulate key steps in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Collectively, biologicals have been evaluated in thousands of patients with psoriasis and have demonstrated significant benefit with favourable safety and tolerability profiles. The limitations of current psoriasis therapies, the value of biological therapies for psoriasis, and guidance regarding the incorporation of biological therapies into clinical practice are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72815/1/j.1365-2133.2004.06070.x.pd

Epileptogenic potential of mefloquine chemoprophylaxis: a pathogenic hypothesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mefloquine has historically been considered safe and well-tolerated for long-term malaria chemoprophylaxis, but prescribing it requires careful attention in order to rule out contraindications to its use. Contraindications include a history of certain neurological conditions that might increase the risk of seizure and other adverse events. The precise pathophysiological mechanism by which mefloquine might predispose those with such a history to seizure remains unclear.</p> <p>Presentation of the hypothesis</p> <p>Studies have demonstrated that mefloquine at doses consistent with chemoprophylaxis accumulates at high levels in brain tissue, which results in altered neuronal calcium homeostasis, altered gap-junction functioning, and contributes to neuronal cell death. This paper reviews the scientific evidence associating mefloquine with alterations in neuronal function, and it suggests the novel hypothesis that among those with the prevalent EPM1 mutation, inherited and mefloquine-induced impairments in neuronal physiologic safeguards might increase risk of GABAergic seizure during mefloquine chemoprophylaxis.</p> <p>Testing and implications of the hypothesis</p> <p>Consistent with case reports of tonic-clonic seizures occurring during mefloquine chemoprophylaxis among those with family histories of epilepsy, it is proposed here that a new contraindication to mefloquine use be recognized for people with EPM1 mutation and for those with a personal history of myoclonus or ataxia, or a family history of degenerative neurologic disorder consistent with EPM1. Recommendations and directions for future research are presented.</p