Beneficios del ejercicio físico en niños y niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad en Neiva-Huila, Colombia.

Abstract Childhood overweight and obesity are global problems that affect the growth and development of children. The statistics are alarming due to their growth in different countries. It is considered that these conditions can be prevented through the promotion of physical activity and healthy diets in childhood, which is a fundamental stage for establishing the essential foundations of healthy lifestyles that will directly and indirectly affect physical, and social and emotional well-being for life.  El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil son un problema mundial, de estadísticas alarmantes, tales patologías afectan el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y las niñas. Se considera que estas condiciones pueden prevenirse mediante la promoción del ejercicio físico y el cambio hacia una alimentación sana en la infancia, etapa fundamental donde se sientan las bases esenciales de los estilos de vida saludable que incidirán de manera directa e indirecta en el bienestar físico, social y emocional por el resto de la vida.

Beneficios del ejercicio físico en niños y niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad en Neiva-Huila, Colombia.

Abstract Childhood overweight and obesity are global problems that affect the growth and development of children. The statistics are alarming due to their growth in different countries. It is considered that these conditions can be prevented through the promotion of physical activity and healthy diets in childhood, which is a fundamental stage for establishing the essential foundations of healthy lifestyles that will directly and indirectly affect physical, and social and emotional well-being for life.  El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil son un problema mundial, de estadísticas alarmantes, tales patologías afectan el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños y las niñas. Se considera que estas condiciones pueden prevenirse mediante la promoción del ejercicio físico y el cambio hacia una alimentación sana en la infancia, etapa fundamental donde se sientan las bases esenciales de los estilos de vida saludable que incidirán de manera directa e indirecta en el bienestar físico, social y emocional por el resto de la vida.

Nests of Atta cephalotes (HYMENOPTERA: MYRMICINAE) in contrasting coffee management systems in the departament of Cauca, Colombia

El presente estudio se propuso localizar, cuantificar y caracterizar los nidos de hormigas arrieras en dos sistemas cafeteros de manejo contraste en los municipios de Popayán y Cajibío en el Cauca. Para este fin, se seleccionaron ocho cafetales con sombra, ocho cafetales a libre exposición y cuatro fragmentos de bosque. En cada sitio se realizaron recorridos y se ubicaron los nidos activos, en cada uno, se recolectaron e identificaron los individuos de diferentes castas y se midieron los soldados. Se calculó el área de los nidos, el número y tamaño de las pistas de forrajeo y se registraron las plantas defoliadas. Se relacionó el número y área de los nidos con variables ambientales y se correlacionó el tamaño de los soldados con el área de los nidos. Se recolectaron 276 individuos pertenecientes a cephalotes. Se registraron cuatro nidos en fragmentos de bosque, ocho en cafetales con sombra y nueve en cafetales a libre exposición. El área de los nidos varió entre 0,90 y 758,34 m², con pistas de 1 a 32 m de longitud. El área de los nidos en los cafetales a libre exposición presentó diferencias significativas con respecto a los ubicados en cafetales con sombra y fragmentos de bosque, siendo estos últimos los de mayor tamaño. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el tamaño de los nidos y riqueza arbórea, cobertura de dosel y espesor de hojarasca, mientras que fue inversa con la temperatura ambiente. El ancho de la cabeza se correlacionó de forma positiva con el área de los nidos. Se registraron 32 especies de plantas con signos de defoliación por A. cephalotes, lo que confirma el hábito generalista de esta especie. Se resalta la importancia de mantener especies asociadas al cultivo de café como recursos alternativos y de protección al forrajeo de la hormiga.The aim of the present study was to localize, quantify and characterize the nests of the leaf cutting ants under two contrasting management systems in coffee areas of the municipalities of Popayan and Cajibio, Department of Cauca. Eight shaded coffee plantations, 8 free standing coffee plantations and 4 forest fragments were selected. At each site rounds were made and active search for nests was carried out; in each site individuals from different castes were collected and identified and soldiers were measured. The nests areas were calculated as well as the number and size of the foraging tracks, and the defoliated plants were recorded. The number and area of the nests were related to environmental variables and the size of soldiers in the nest area was correlated. A total of 276 individuals form Atta cephalotes was collected. Four nests were recorded in forest fragments, eight in shaded coffee plantations and nine in free standing coffee plantations. Nest areas varied between 0.90 and 758.34 m², with trails from 1 to 32 m length. The area of the nests located in free standing coffee plantations showed significant differences in relation to nests located in shaded coffee plantations and in forest fragments, the latter being the largest ones. A positive correlation between size of the nests and tree richness, canopy cover and thickness of fallen leaves was found, while it was inversely correlated with room temperature. The width of the head was positively correlated with the area of the nests. A total of 32 plant species with signs of defoliation by A. cephalotes was recorded confirming the general habit of these species. The importance of maintaining species associated to the coffee crop as alternative resources and for the protection of the ant foraging is highlighted

Quality of life and labor inclusion of people with disabilities

Introduction: Disability is a generic term that includes deficits, limitations in activity and restrictions in participation indicate the negative aspects of the interaction between an individual and its contextual factors, environmental and personal factors. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of labor inclusion and health-related quality of life of people with disabilities in a population group from the city of Neiva (Colombia). Materials and methods: Descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach and non-experimental design, in a sample of 64 people with disabilities. Demographic variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, link to the social security system in health, and type of disability were considered. The WHOQOL-BREF, 2004 quality of life scale was applied. Central tendency measures were also calculated with their dispersions and 95% confidence intervals in the continuous quantitative variables. Results: The most frequent disability was physical with 78.13%, followed by visual with 17.18%. The highest percentage of impairment of the quality of life concerning disability is given by the need to move from one place to another, to feel dissatisfaction with their sexual life and the perception of an unhealthy environment. Conclusions: The main factors for the labor inclusion of a person with a disability are subject to sex, the type of disability, access to decent employment, and remuneration according to their potentialities

Quality of life and labor inclusion of people with disabilities

Introduction: Disability is a generic term that includes deficits, limitations in activity and restrictions in participation indicate the negative aspects of the interaction between an individual and its contextual factors, environmental and personal factors. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of labor inclusion and health-related quality of life of people with disabilities in a population group from the city of Neiva (Colombia). Materials and methods:  Descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach and non-experimental design, in a sample of 64 people with disabilities. Demographic variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, link to the social security system in health, and type of disability were considered. The WHOQOL-BREF, 2004 quality of life scale was applied. Central tendency measures were also calculated with their dispersions and 95% confidence intervals in the continuous quantitative variables. Results: The most frequent disability was physical with 78.13%, followed by visual with 17.18%. The highest percentage of impairment of the quality of life concerning disability is given by the need to move from one place to another, to feel dissatisfaction with their sexual life and the perception of an unhealthy environment. Conclusions: The main factors for the labor inclusion of a person with a disability are subject to sex, the type of disability, access to decent employment, and remuneration according to their potentialities

High-Throughput System for the Early Quantification of Major Architectural Traits in Olive Breeding Trials Using UAV Images and OBIA Techniques

The need for the olive farm modernization have encouraged the research of more efficient crop management strategies through cross-breeding programs to release new olive cultivars more suitable for mechanization and use in intensive orchards, with high quality production and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The advancement of breeding programs are hampered by the lack of efficient phenotyping methods to quickly and accurately acquire crop traits such as morphological attributes (tree vigor and vegetative growth habits), which are key to identify desirable genotypes as early as possible. In this context, an UAV-based high-throughput system for olive breeding program applications was developed to extract tree traits in large-scale phenotyping studies under field conditions. The system consisted of UAV-flight configurations, in terms of flight altitude and image overlaps, and a novel, automatic, and accurate object-based image analysis (OBIA) algorithm based on point clouds, which was evaluated in two experimental trials in the framework of a table olive breeding program, with the aim to determine the earliest date for suitable quantifying of tree architectural traits. Two training systems (intensive and hedgerow) were evaluated at two very early stages of tree growth: 15 and 27 months after planting. Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) were automatically and accurately generated by the algorithm as well as every olive tree identified, independently of the training system and tree age. The architectural traits, specially tree height and crown area, were estimated with high accuracy in the second flight campaign, i.e. 27 months after planting. Differences in the quality of 3D crown reconstruction were found for the growth patterns derived from each training system. These key phenotyping traits could be used in several olive breeding programs, as well as to address some agronomical goals. In addition, this system is cost and time optimized, so that requested architectural traits could be provided in the same day as UAV flights. This high-throughput system may solve the actual bottleneck of plant phenotyping of "linking genotype and phenotype," considered a major challenge for crop research in the 21st century, and bring forward the crucial time of decision making for breeders

Suitability of Two Table Olive Cultivars (‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’) for Mechanical Harvesting in Superhigh-density Hedgerows

At a time of increasing demand, the extremely high cost of manual labor required to harvest fruit in table olive groves is limiting the economic survival of the crop in many producing countries. New grove designs and management practices such as superhigh-density (SHD) groves now in use in oil olive production should be explored as an option to facilitate mechanical harvesting in table olives. The feasibility of two table olive cultivars, Manzanilla de Sevilla and Manzanilla Caceren˜a, to be harvested in a 5- year-old SHD grove (1975 trees/ha) was studied in 2012 when trees of both cultivars formed highly productive continuous hedgerows (’10,000 and 18,000 kg·haL1 , respectively). The differences between manual and mechanical harvesting using a grape straddle harvester were evaluated taking into consideration harvesting time, efficiency in fruit removal, and fruit quality both before and after processing as Spanish-style green olives. The average harvest time per hectare with a grape straddle harvester was less than 1.7 hours compared with 576 person/hour or more when done manually. Fruit removal efficiency was high in both cases, 98% for mechanical treatment and 100% for hand treatment. Mechanically harvested fruits had a high proportion of bruising damage (greater than 90%) and the severity of the damage was greater in ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ than in ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’. After Spanish-style green processing, however, the proportion of bruised fruits was below 3% in each cultivar. The fruit size in both cultivars was suitable for table olive processing and only 7% and 4% of ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ and ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’ fruits, respectively, were diverted to oil extraction as a result of insufficient size. Small differences were found between processed ‘Manzanilla Caceren˜a’ fruits that were manually or mechanically harvested. In contrast, mechanically harvested ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ fruits showed a significantly higher proportion of cutting (18%), a type of damage that may take place during harvesting, and lower firmness and texture than those harvested manually

Genetic Diversity of Stone Fruit Cultivars Preserved On-Farm in Southern Spain

Old traditional cultivars are valuable genetic resources for crop improvement, but a great number of them have disappeared in the past century. This study aimed to characterize traditional cultivars of different Prunus species collected in small family orchards in southwestern Spain and to evaluate their genetic diversity and relationships. One hundred and twelve accessions belonging to 36 traditional cultivar denominations were analyzed using eight SSR loci transferable across the genus Prunus. The most useful loci to analyze different Prunus species were UDP96-005, BPPCT-002, UDP98-410 and ps02a12. A total of 152 alleles were observed, and 112 were unique to certain species. Sixty-eight different genotypes were found, revealing the possible existence of homonyms among traditional cultivar names. The clustering analysis was consistent with the taxonomic classification of the different species studied and with the geographical origins of the accessions within each species. The results showed wide genetic variability of traditional cultivars of stone fruits grown in small family orchards, which highlights the need to preserve them using both in-situ and ex-situ strategies. Twenty-eight of these accessions are currently conserved ex-situ at the University of Sevilla, Spain. The use of highly transferable SSRs has been proven as efficient in multi-species surveys performed on-farm

Eficiencia de la recolección mecánica y efecto sobre la calidad de la producción en plantaciones superintensivas de variedades de aceituna de mesa

Las plantaciones superintensivas de olivar (Olea europaea L.), con densidades superiores a los 1.000 árboles por hectárea, se han convertido en una interesante alternativa al cultivo de olivar de almazara en la que el coste de recolección disminuye por la drástica reducción de la mano de obra y del tiempo requerido por el empleo de cosechadoras cabalgantes. No hay, sin embargo, experiencia alguna en relación al olivar de mesa. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la aptitud de dos variedades tradicionalmente destinadas al aderezo, como son la ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ y ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’, a la recolección con cosechadora cabalgante cuando se cultivan en superintensivo. El trabajo se realizó en septiembre de 2012 y 2014 en una plantación adulta. Antes de la recolección se caracterizaron los setos. Posteriormente se analizó la eficiencia de la recolección mecánica, en términos de porcentaje de frutos derribados y tiempo de recolección, así como las proporciones de frutos con daños. En 2012 también se analizaron los daños en frutos aderezados en verde al estilo sevillano. El tamaño de los setos fue adecuado para la recolección mediante cosechadora cabalgante. La cosechadora derribó prácticamente la totalidad de los frutos en un tiempo no superior a las dos horas por hectárea. La producción media fue mayor en la ‘Manzanilla Cacereña’ que en la ‘Manzanilla de Sevilla’ y la calidad del fruto apta para la comercialización, si bien los frutos de esta última variedad presentaban una mayor susceptibilidad al daño.Junta de Andalucía SGAEX/C

From the juvenile to the adult vegetative phase in olive seedlings: the transition along the stem axis

Sexual reproduction in olive is carried out for purposes such as breeding. The seedlings evolve from the juvenile to the adult stage, and until now, only the discrete developmental phases have been investigated in detail. However, the transition process has been poorly studied in fruit trees, especially in olive. In this paper, juvenile to adult transition has been explored in 30 olive seedlings coming from the Table Olive Breeding Program of the University of Sevilla, Spain. Despite of the great variability found in the olive leaf morphological parameters, mean values increased linearly from the bottom (juvenile) to the top (adult tissue) of the seedling. An upward lineal decrease in the rooting ability was also observed for the set of seedlings evaluated. No significant differences were found for the maximum net photosynthesis (PNmax) or maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax), although the lowest values were measured at <0.5 m. For all of the analysed parameters, the transitional tissue showed intermediate values. These results show for the first time in olive that the transition along the seedling stem axis follows a clear lineal tendency with a stepwise loss of juvenile characters being the shift from juvenile to adult phase in olive not an abrupt change but a gradual process. The usefulness of a fibre optic probe with a reduced sampling surface coupled to near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated. NIR analysis has been confirmed to be a useful tool to discriminate the juvenile and adult leaves, but not the transition one