Temporal estimation with two moving objects: overt and covert pursuit

The current study examined temporal estimation in a prediction motion task where participants were cued to overtly pursue one of two moving objects, which could either arrive first, i.e., shortest [time to contact (TTC)] or second (i.e., longest TTC) after a period of occlusion. Participants were instructed to estimate TTC of the first-arriving object only, thus making it necessary to overtly pursue the cued object while at the same time covertly pursuing the other (non-cued) object. A control (baseline) condition was also included in which participants had to estimate TTC of a single, overtly pursued object. Results showed that participants were able to estimate the arrival order of the two objects with very high accuracy irrespective of whether they had overtly or covertly pursued the first-arriving object. However, compared to the single-object baseline, participants’ temporal estimation of the covert object was impaired when it arrived 500 ms before the overtly pursued object. In terms of eye movements, participants exhibited significantly more switches in gaze location during occlusion from the cued to the non-cued object but only when the latter arrived first. Still, comparison of trials with and without a switch in gaze location when the non-cued object arrived first indicated no advantage for temporal estimation. Taken together, our results indicate that overt pursuit is sufficient but not necessary for accurate temporal estimation. Covert pursuit can enable representation of a moving object’s trajectory and thereby accurate temporal estimation providing the object moves close to the overt attentional focus

Influence de la gravité sur la perception et l'interrception d'objets en mouvement

In order to explain Humans' success in interceptive actions of gravitationally accelerated objects, despites the low capacity of the visual system to detect it, several studies have recently suggested that gravity has been embodied in a quantitative internal model of gravity thereby permitting access to exact time-to-contact (TTC) when intercepting a free falling object. However, we may wonder if theoretical and methodological concerns in these experiments cannot call into question the effective demonstration of the existence and use of such a model. The goal of this doctoral work was to determine how our knowledge of gravity influences our perception and actions. We conducted six experimentations issued from three different paradigms, perceptive judgement, indirect interception and direct interception. Our results refute the use of a quantitative internal model of gravity, and plead in favour of the use of our knowledge of gravity as a qualitative implicit physics knowledge, which would modulate our perceptive judgements and interceptive movements but without giving access to the quantitative effects of gravity.Pour expliquer le succès des individus dans des tâches d'interception d'objets accélérés par la gravité malgré sa faible détection par le système visuel, plusieurs études ont récemment suggéré que la gravité soit internalisée dans un modèle interne de la gravité permettant l'accès au temps de contact (TTC) exact lors de l'interception d'objets en chute libre. Cependant, on peut se demander si certains problèmes méthodologiques et théoriques ne peuvent pas remettre en cause la démonstration de l'existence et l'utilisation effective d'un tel modèle. Le but de ce travail doctoral a été de déterminer de quelle manière notre connaissance de la gravité influence notre perception et nos actions. Pour cela, nous avons conduit six expérimentations issues de trois paradigmes différents, celui des jugements perceptifs, des actions d'interception indirectes et des actions d'interception directes. Les résultats obtenus infirment l'utilisation d'un modèle interne quantitatif de la gravité, et au contraire suggèrent l'utilisation de la gravité comme une connaissance implicite qualitative de la physique, qui aurait pour conséquence de modifier nos jugements perceptifs et nos mouvements d'interception sans permettre de calculer quantitativement les effets de la gravité

EVENT-BASED FREE-THROW PREDICTION AND COMPARISON WITH HUMANS PARTICIPANTS

International audienceSports experts can anticipate the arrival point of a moving object. Vision plays a main rôle in the anticipation process. In this study, we used a bio-inspired artificial vision system composed of event-based sensors and spiking neural networks (SNN) developed in [1] to record and predict basketball free throws. Recorded ball trajectories are then presented to humans participants (experts and non-experts) and the SNN. We then compared performances between humans and our solutio

VISUAL MOTION EXTRAPOLATION MODULATES MOTOR-RELATED CORTICAL ACTIVITY

International audienceAbstract After spinal cord injury ( SCI ), the reorganization of the neuromuscular system leads to increased antagonist muscles’ co‐activation—that is, increased antagonist vs. agonist muscles activation ratio—during voluntary contractions. Increased muscle co‐activation is supposed to result from reduced cortical influences on spinal mechanisms inhibiting antagonist muscles. The assessment of the residual interactions between cortical and muscles activity with corticomuscular coherence ( CMC ) in participants with SCI producing different force levels may shed new lights on the regulation of muscle co‐activation. To achieve this aim, we compared the net joint torque, the muscle co‐activation and the CMC ~ 10 and ~ 20 Hz with both agonist and antagonist muscles in participants with SCI and healthy participants performing actual isometric elbow flexion contractions at three force levels. For all participants, overall CMC and muscle co‐activation decreased with the increase in the net joint torque, but only CMC ~ 10 Hz was correlated with muscle co‐activation. Participants with SCI had greater muscle co‐activation and lower CMC ~ 10 Hz, at the highest force levels. These results emphasize the importance of CMC as a mechanism that could take part in the modulation of muscle co‐activation to maintain a specific force level. Lower CMC ~ 10 Hz in SCI participants may reflect the decreased cortical influence on spinal mechanisms, leading to increased muscle co‐activation, although plasticity of the corticomuscular coupling seems to be preserved after SCI to modulate the force level. Clinically, the CMC may efficiently evaluate the residual integrity of the neuromuscular system after SCI and the effects of rehabilitation

Temporal-range estimation of multiple objects: Evidence for an early bottleneck

When making parallel time-to-contact (TTC) estimates of two approaching objects, the two respective TTC estimates interfere with one another in an asymmetric fashion. The TTC of the later-arriving object is systematically overestimated, while the estimated TTC for the first-arriving object is as accurate as in a condition presenting only a single object. This asymmetric interference points to a processing bottleneck that could be due to early (e.g., during the estimation of the TTC from the optic flow) or late (e.g., during the timing of the response or the motor execution) constraints in the TTC estimation process. We used a Sperling-like prediction-motion task to differentiate between these two possibilities. Participants produced an absolute estimate of the TTC of only one of two objects approaching a target line. The target object to which the response was to be made was indicated by an auditory cue that occurred either at motion-onset or at theinstant at which the two objects disappeared from the screen (occlusion-onset). The cue at motion-onset should disengage visual processing of the irrelevant stimulus. The cue at occlusion-onset, in contrast, requires visual processing of both relevant and irrelevant stimulus until occlusion. A single-object condition was introduced as a control condition. Results show symmetric interference in the motion-onset condition. In the occlusion-onset condition however, the results were congruent with asymmetric interference. Thus, the processing bottleneck in TTC estimation is originating at the earlier stages