Jonzac – Le Moulin de Chez Bret

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 204305 Date de l'opération : 2008 (FP) Inventeur(s) : Robin Karine (COL) La fouille programmée menée à proximité du Moulin de chez Bret à Jonzac a mis au jour une première occupation de la seconde moitié du Ier  s. avant J.-C. Une villa est ensuite construite à partir du milieu du Ier  s. apr. J.-C. Elle est occupée jusqu’à la fin de l’Antiquité tardive voir le début du Haut Moyen-Âge. Les structures les plus précoces correspondent à un fossé asso..

Ferrières-d’Aunis – Impasse du Clou

Le projet d’aménagement d’un lotissement impasse du Clou a motivé la prescription d’un diagnostic d’archéologie préventive par le service régional d’archéologie. Cette opération a été réalisée par le service d’archéologie départementale de la Charente-Maritime. Les quinze sondages réalisés ont permis d’identifier des éléments de parcellaire moderne et notamment un chemin identifié sur le cadastre napoléonien, ainsi que deux ensembles construits, un correspondant à une limite parcellaire l’aut..

Barzan – Le Fâ

La poursuite de la campagne de sondages réalisés sur les parcelles situées au sud du sanctuaire du Fâ et des thermes, a permis de préciser le potentiel archéologique reconnu en 2016. Un des apports majeurs de cette campagne confirme l’identification de la conservation des niveaux protohistoriques de La Tène A à La Tène C2/D2 correspondant aux horizons 1 et 2 identifiés sous le sanctuaire du Fâ en 2007. La présence de ces niveaux permet d’estimer une surface équivalente à 5 ha (280 m du nord a..

Jonzac – Parc commercial

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 204826 Date de l'opération : 2009 (EX) Le projet d’aménagement d’un parc commercial sur la commune de Jonzac a nécessité la réalisation d’un diagnostic d’archéologie préventive sur l’ensemble des parcelles concernées (112 964 m²). Au total, 47 sondages ont été réalisés pour une surface totale ouverte de 11 900 m², soit 10,53 % de l’emprise. Le diagnostic a permis de mettre au jour des vestiges archéologiques de types fossés correspondants à des limit..

Breuillet – Fondbedeau, aménagement de la RD14

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 204457 Date de l'opération : 2008 (EX) Dans le cadre de l’aménagement de la RD 14 sur les communes de Breuillet, Mornac-sur-Seudre et Saint-Sulpice-de-Royan, une campagne de diagnostic archéologique a été réalisée par le Service départemental d’archéologie de la Charente-Maritime. La surface à diagnostiquer se monte à 85 673 m 2. Au total, ce sont 30 sondages qui ont été réalisés avec un engin mécanique muni d’un godet lisse de 2,00 m de largeur. ..

Vaux-sur-Mer – ZAC du Cormier et des Battières (phase 1)

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 204578 Date de l'opération : 2009 (EX) Un diagnostic d’archéologie préventive a été prescrit dans le cadre du projet d’aménagement de la ZAC du Cormier et des Battières sur la commune de Vaux-sur-Mer. La surface diagnostiquée au cours de la phase 1 a porté sur 26 711 m², soit 12,70 % du projet. Au total, ce sont treize sondages qui ont été réalisés soit 11,53 % de l’emprise de la phase 1. Le diagnostic a permis de mettre au jour des vestiges archéolo..

Transcriptomic analysis of the dialogue between Pseudorabies virus and porcine epithelial cells during infection

International audienceBACKGROUND: Transcriptomic approaches are relevant for studying virus-host cell dialogues to better understand the physiopathology of infection and the immune response at the cellular level. Pseudorabies virus (PrV), a porcine Alphaherpesvirus, is a good model for such studies in pig. Since PrV displays a strong tropism for mucous epithelial cells, we developed a kinetics study of PrV infection in the porcine PK15 epithelial cell line. To identify as completely as possible, viral and cellular genes regulated during infection, we simultaneously analyzed PrV and cellular transcriptome modifications using two microarrays i.e. a laboratory-made combined SLA/PrV microarray, consisting of probes for all PrV genes and for porcine genes contained in the Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) complex, and the porcine generic Qiagen-NRSP8 oligonucleotide microarray. We confirmed the differential expression of a selected set of genes by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS: An increase in the number of differentially expressed cellular genes and PrV genes especially from 4 h post-infection (pi) was observed concomitantly with the onset of viral progeny while no early global cellular shutoff was recorded. Many cellular genes were down-regulated from 4 h pi and their number increased until 12 h pi. UL41 transcripts encoding the virion host shutoff protein were first detected as differentially expressed at 8 h pi. The viral gene UL49.5 encoding a TAP inhibitor protein was differentially expressed as soon as 2 h pi, indicating that viral evasion via TAP inhibition may start earlier than the cellular gene shutoff. We found that many biological processes are altered during PrV infection. Indeed, several genes involved in the SLA class I antigenic presentation pathway (SLA-Ia, TAP1, TAP2, PSMB8 and PSMB9), were down-regulated, thus contributing to viral immune escape from this pathway and other genes involved in apoptosis, nucleic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton signaling as well as interferon-mediated antiviral response were also modulated during PrV infection. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the gene expression of both PrV and porcine cells can be analyzed simultaneously with microarrays, providing a chronology of PrV gene transcription, which has never been described before, and a global picture of transcription with a direct temporal link between viral and host gene expression

In silico-in vitro screening of protein-protein interactions: towards the next generation of therapeutics.

International audienceProtein-protein interactions (PPIs) have a pivotal role in many biological processes suggesting that targeting macromolecular complexes will open new avenues for the design of the next generation of therapeutics. A wide range of "in silico methods" can be used to facilitate the design of protein-protein modulators. Among these methods, virtual ligand screening, protein-protein docking, structural predictions and druggable pocket predictions have become established techniques for hit discovery and optimization. In this review, we first summarize some key data about protein-protein interfaces and introduce some recently reported computer methods pertaining to the field. URLs for several recent free packages or servers are also provided. Then, we discuss four studies aiming at developing PPI modulators through the combination of in silico and in vitro screening experiments

Amplification biases: possible differences among deviating gene expressions.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Gene expression profiling has become a tool of choice to study pathological or developmental questions but in most cases the material is scarce and requires sample amplification. Two main procedures have been used: in vitro transcription (IVT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the former known as linear and the latter as exponential. Previous reports identified enzymatic pitfalls in PCR and IVT protocols; however the possible differences between the sequences affected by these amplification defaults were only rarely explored. RESULTS: Screening a bovine cDNA array dedicated to embryonic stages with embryonic (n = 3) and somatic tissues (n = 2), we proceeded to moderate amplifications starting from 1 mug of total RNA (global PCR or IVT one round). Whatever the tissue, 16% of the probes were involved in deviating gene expressions due to amplification defaults. These distortions were likely due to the molecular features of the affected sequences (position within a gene, GC content, hairpin number) but also to the relative abundance of these transcripts within the tissues. These deviating genes mainly encoded housekeeping genes from physiological or cellular processes (70%) and constituted 2 subsets which did not overlap (molecular features, signal intensities, gene ID). However, the differential expressions identified between embryonic stages were both reliable (minor intersect with biased expressions) and relevant (biologically validated). In addition, the relative expression levels of those genes were biologically similar between amplified and unamplified samples. CONCLUSION: Conversely to the most recent reports which challenged the use of intense amplification procedures on minute amounts of RNA, we chose moderate PCR and IVT amplifications for our gene profiling study. Conclusively, it appeared that systematic biases arose even with moderate amplification procedures, independently of (i) the sample used: brain, ovary or embryos, (ii) the enzymatic properties initially inferred (exponential or linear) and (iii) the preliminary optimization of the protocols. Moreover the use of an in-house developed array, small-sized but well suited to the tissues we worked with, was of real interest for the search of differential expressions

P27Kip1 directly represses Sox2 during embryonic stem cell differentiation

The mechanisms responsible for the transcriptional silencing of pluripotency genes in differentiated cells are poorly understood. We have observed that cells lacking the tumor suppressor p27 can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the absence of ectopic Sox2. Interestingly, cells and tissues from p27 null mice, including brain, lung, and retina, present an elevated basal expression of Sox2, suggesting that p27 contributes to the repression of Sox2. Furthermore, p27 null iPSCs fail to fully repress Sox2 upon differentiation. Mechanistically, we have found that upon differentiation p27 associates to the SRR2 enhancer of the Sox2 gene together with a p130-E2F4-SIN3A repressive complex. Finally, Sox2 haploinsufficiency genetically rescues some of the phenotypes characteristic of p27 null mice, including gigantism, pituitary hyperplasia, pituitary tumors, and retinal defects. Collectively, these results demonstrate an unprecedented connection between p27 and Sox2 relevant for reprogramming and cancer and for understanding human pathologies associated with p27 germline mutations