Polarization Properties of the Solitons Generated in the Process of Pulse Breakup in Twisted Fiber Pumped by ns Pulses

Common optical fibers are randomly birefringent, and solitons formatting and traveling in them are randomly polarized. However, it is desirable to have solitons with a well-defined polarization. With pump relatively long pulses, the nonlinear effects of modulation instability (MI) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are dominant at the initial stage of the process of supercontinuum (SC) generation; modulation instability results in pulse breakup and formation of short pulses that evolve finally to a bunch of solitons and dispersive waves. We do the research of the polarization of solitons formed by the pulse breakup process by the effect of modulation instability with pump pulses of nanoseconds in standard fiber (SMF-28) with circular birefringence introduced by fiber twist, and the twisted fiber mitigates the random linear birefringence. In this work, we found that polarization ellipticity of solitons is distributed randomly; nevertheless, the average polarization ellipticity is closer to the circular than the polarization ellipticity of the input pulse. In the experimental setup. 200 m of SMF-28 fiber twisted by 6 turns/m was used. We used 1 ns pulse to pump the fiber. The results showed that at circular polarization of the input pulse solitons at the fiber output have polarizations close to the circular, while in the fiber without twist, the soliton polarization was random

Leaf area and its impact in yield and quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases.This study aimed to estimate the tomato leaf area index (LAI) by comparing two methods (destructive and interception of photosynthetically active radiation) and the consequent relationship to fruit yield and quality. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with tezontle (red volcanic scoria) as the substrate and a drip irrigation system. The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1, T2 and T3, with one, two and three stems per plant, respectively. The LAI was measured with a ceptometer that estimates the intercepted radiation above and below the canopy. Maximum LAI was found at 1413 cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). Those indexes were 3.69, 5.27 and 6.16 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Individual correlation models were fitted linearly between the two methods. The R2 values were 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with yields of 20, 18 and 17 kg m-2 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. In addition, T1 produced better fruit size quality with approximately 69, 23 and 8% classified as first, second and third class, respectively. Only 1% was classified as a small fruit. Increasing the number of stems per plant increased the LAI and fruit number but decreased fruit size. Highlights: The leaf area index (LAI) is a very important variable for growth and development of crops. The ceptometer proved to be a fast, useful and statistically reliable method to estimate LAI. The increase of photosynthetically active radiation favors the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area. The number of stems per plant increase the LAI, dry matter accumulation, plant height and the number of fruits. However, the size of fruit decreases

Conscious mobility for urban spaces: case studies review and indicator framework design

A lack of data collection on conscious mobility behaviors has been identified in current sustainable and smart mobility planning, development and implementation strategies. This leads to technocentric solutions that do not place people and their behavior at the center of new mobility solutions in urban centers around the globe. This paper introduces the concept of conscious mobility to link techno-economic analyses with user awareness on the impact of their travel decisions on other people, local urban infrastructure and the environment through systematic big data collection. A preliminary conscious mobility indicator framework is presented to leverage behavioral considerations to enhance urban-community mobility systems. Key factors for conscious mobility analysis have been derived from five case studies. The sample offers regional diversity (i.e., local, regional and the global urban contexts), as well as different goals in the transformation of conventional urban transport systems, from improving public transport efficiency and equipment electrification to mitigate pollution and climate risks, to focusing on equity, access and people safety. The case studies selected provide useful metrics on the adoption of cleaner, smarter, safer and more autonomous mobility technologies, along with novel people-centric program designs to build an initial set of conscious mobility indicators frameworks. The parameters were applied to the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon in Mexico focusing on the needs of the communities that work, study and live around the local urban campus of the Tecnologico de Monterrey’s Distrito Tec. This case study, served as an example of how conscious mobility indicators could be applied and customized to a community and region of interest. This paper introduces the first application of the conscious mobility framework for urban communities’ mobility system analysis. This more holistic assessment approach includes dimensions such as society and culture, infrastructure and urban spaces, technology, government, normativity, economy and politics, and the environment. The expectation is that the conscious mobility framework of analysis will become a useful tool for smarter and sustainable urban and mobility problem solving and decision making to enhance the quality of life all living in urban communities

Risk of developing checkpoint immune pneumonitis and its effect on overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy

Introduction:Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (ICIP) is a potentially lifethreatening immune-related adverse event (irAE), especially in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients. Currently, the potential for increased irAE in patients who receiveradiotherapy is scarcely known, although a connection between antitumor immuneresponses and irAEs has been suggested. In this study, we evaluated the developmentof ICIP in non-small cell lung cancer patients with prior radiotherapy, treated withimmunotherapy in the second-line.Methods:In this retrospective trial, we included patients treated with second-lineimmunotherapy at the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City from February 2015 toFebruary 2018. Clinical, radiological and treatment variables were evaluated accordingto the presence of ICIP as defined by the Common Terminology Criteria for AdverseEvents (4.0) in patients with or without a previous (≥months) history of radiotherapy.Results:Among 101 NSCLC patients who received treatment with ICIs, 22 patients(21.8%) were diagnosed with ICIP, of which 73% (16/22) had a history of radiotherapy(OR 6.04, 95% CI 2.03−18.0,p<0.001). Median progression free survival and overallsurvival were similar in patients who developed ICIP compared with those who did not,however, patients who presented grade≥2 ICIP had an increased risk of mortality (HR2.54, 95% CI 1.20−5.34,p= 0.014).Conclusion:In this real-world cohort of NSCLC patients treated with ICI, the historyof prior radiotherapy was associated with increased risk for ICIP development. Unlikeother irAEs, grade≥2 ICIP is an independent prognostic factor for decreased survivalin NSCLC patients

Telegestión simulada para la enseñanza a estudiantes de medicina sobre la toma de decisiones en gestión en el primer nivel de atención de salud

Introduction: Medical students are poorly prepared in health services management due to the use of traditional teaching methods, developed in theoretical environments with poor active participation. Virtual simulated training is an innovative alternative in the learning process. Objective: This study aimed to determine the knowledge improvement in managerial decision-making amongst medical students at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Peru, after a virtual simulated training. Methods: A before-after cross-sectional design was undertaken among final year medical students to measure their improvement in management knowledge. The simulation methodology was used as a component of the Medical Externship clinical course in which the administrative dimension of a clinical case such as hypoacusis was considered. Results: Of the 79 participants, 48 (60.8%) were female and the median age was 25 years. There was a median satisfaction level of 3.8 and the performance median score was 17. The median post-test rank scores were higher and statistically significant than pre-test rank scores (p = 0.004); post-test scores for males (p-value = 0.05) and females (p = 0.03) were also statistically higher than pre-test scores. Conclusion: The non-clinical simulation experience improves the knowledge on managerial decision making. It also opens opportunities to work on management issues in clinical courses, providing a comprehensive learning experience. On the other hand, it is an innovative experience where a clinical course adopts a management component.Introducción: Los estudiantes de medicina están poco preparados en gestión de servicios de salud debido al uso de métodos de enseñanza tradicionales, llevados a cabo en entornos teóricos y poco participativos. La formación virtual simulada es una alternativa innovadora en el proceso de aprendizaje. Objetivo: Determinar la mejora en conocimientos sobre la toma de decisiones gerenciales entre los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos en Perú, tras un entrenamiento simulado virtual. Métodos: Estudio de diseño transversal de antes-después en estudiantes de último año de medicina. La metodología de simulación se utilizó como un componente del curso clínico de externado, en el que se consideró la dimensión administrativa de un caso clínico de hipoacusia. Resultados: De los 79 participantes, 48 (60,8%) eran mujeres y la edad media era de 25 años. La mediana del nivel de satisfacción fue de 3,8 y la mediana del rendimiento fue de 17. La mediana de las puntuaciones del post-test fue mayor y estadísticamente significativa en comparación a la del pre-test (p = 0,004); las puntuaciones post-test fueron más altas que las puntuaciones pre-test para los hombres (p = 0,05) y mujeres (p = 0,03). Conclusiones: La experiencia de simulación no clínica logra una mejora significativa en el conocimiento de los participantes. Además, abre oportunidades para trabajar los temas de gestión en los cursos clínicos, proporcionando una experiencia de aprendizaje integral. Por otro lado, es una experiencia innovadora en la que un curso clínico adopta un componente de gestión

Multiplication of native endomycorrhizae isolated from arid soils on organic substrates in wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum)

Purpose Organic residues of coffee pulp, sugarcane bagasse and mature bovine manure are a source of organic matter and nutrients for the multiplication of endomycorrhizae consortia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to multiply the AMFs in such substrates to decrease soil and water pollution.Method A pot experiment under greenhouse conditions was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of agricultural residues (C2-GEC, C3-PAR, C12-PRO, C14-ZAR) with different genera of endomycorrhizae isolated from semi-arid soils, 75 days after the crop was established. Agronomic characteristics and mineral content of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe in root and shoot were evaluated in wheat (Triticum aestivum).Results Multiplication of endomycorrhizae was influenced by the residue type. Greater production of spores was observed in the coffee pulp, followed by the sugarcane bagasse, where a higher colonization was obtained in combination of C2-GEC and C3-PAR consortia. This consortia combination also was one of those that have increased the content of N, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe in roots and shoots of wheat.Conclusion Combination of native endomycorrhiza substrates and consortia provides an alternative tool that benefits the physiology and nutrition of the plant to be used in sustainable agricultural production systems

Abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva en menores de 1 año

Introduction: the virtues of breast milk as the only food in children up to 6 months have been universally studied because the viral antibodies present in breast milk have action against: rotavirus, which is the most common causal agent of diarrhea, polyvirus, causal agents of polio, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) main causative agent of infant bronchiolitis.Objective: identify causes related to the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in children under one year of age in a polyclinic in Manzanillo.Methodology: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, with 30 children under one year of age born in the first four months of 2019 at the Manzanillo Polyclinic No. 1. The main variables were: type of breastfeeding received up to 6 months, causes for abandoning exclusive breastfeeding, some maternal risk factors, and some illnesses they suffered. Descriptive statistics were used for data processing.Results: artificial lactation (33.3%) predominated as a form of feeding and exclusive breastfeeding (56.6%) in the first semester of life, the most frequent causes for early abandonment were hypogalactia (53.9) and distrust in its effectiveness (23.1%). Maternal age (38.5%) and occupation (84.6%) were the maternal factors that were most related to the early abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding and the presence of respiratory diseases (61.5%).Conclusions: Infants weaned early had a greater presence of diseases than those adequately breastfed, which ensures that breastfeeding, provides innumerable health benefits. The causes of abandonment were related to subjective aspects of the mother.Introducción: las virtudes de la leche materna como único alimento en el niño hasta los 6 meses han sido universalmente estudiadas porque los anticuerpos virales presentes en la leche materna tienen acción contra: rotavirus que es el agente causal más común de diarreas, polivirus agentes causales de la poliomielitis, virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) principal agente causal del bronquiolitis del lactante.Objetivo: identificar causas relacionadas con el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en niños menores de un año en un policlínico de Manzanillo.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, con 30 niños menores de un año nacidos en el primer cuatrimestre del año 2019 del Policlínico No.1 de Manzanillo. Las variables principales fueron: tipo de lactancia recibida hasta los 6 meses, causas para el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva, algunos factores de riesgo maternos, algunas enfermedades que padecieron. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva para el procesamiento de datos.Resultados: predominó la lactancia artificial (33,3%) como forma de alimentación y la lactancia exclusiva (56,6%) en el primer semestre de la vida, las causas más frecuentes para el abandono precoz fueron la hipogalactia (53,9) y la desconfianza en la efectividad de la misma (23,1%). La edad materna (38,5%) y la ocupación (84,6%) fueron los factores maternos que más se relacionaron con el abandono temprano de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la presencia de enfermedades respiratorias (61,5%).Conclusión: los lactantes destetados precozmente presentaron mayor presencia de enfermedades que los adecuadamente amamantados, lo que asegura que la lactancia materna proporciona innumerables ventajas para la salud. Las causas del abandono se relacionaban con aspectos subjetivos de la madre

Freshwater fishes and water status in Mexico: A country-wide appraisal.

Mexico is the southernmost country in North America, and extends into Central America, south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The northern half of M´exico is located on the Temperate belt and is arid in character (Nearctic), while the rest is within the Tropical belt (Neotropical). Climate varies from extremely temperate desert in the north, to tropical humid in the south.M´exico has more than 500 freshwater fish species, about 271 of them country endemics, and approximately 48 endemics from binational basins. There are still some 30–40 fish species not yet described. There are 563 fish species colonizing coastal flood plain species. In addition to the numbers of colonizing fishes, the burden of introduced exotics has also been growing. In 1904, only 4 species were recognized as exotics; by 1997 the number had increased to 94, and by 2008 to 11

Federaciones de las Américas: descentralización, relaciones intergubernamentales y recentralización

La literatura sobre federalismo es muy amplia en términos teóricos y empíricos, no obstante, los estudios han prestado poca atención a la comparación entre las cinco federaciones americanas. Se asume, no siempre con fundamentos suficientes, que el modelo americano es el caso paradigmático de federalismo, de forma que los países latinoamericanos son considerados como desviaciones. Por lo tanto, existe una laguna que será subsanada con este estudio sobre las cinco federaciones americanas, pues a excepción de trabajos que comparan Estados Unidos con algún país latinoamericano o con Canadá, la literatura es carente de un análisis que discuta este tema en forma más amplia. Ese es el principal objetivo de esta obra: ofrecer al lector un análisis comparativo de los cinco países americanos que adoptan la forma federal de organización del Estado nacional: Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos y México. La brecha existente en este campo de estudios se vuelve aún más pronunciada en vista de los cambios significativos que alteraron la organización política y administrativa de los países latinoamericanos, como la reanudación de la democracia hace tres décadas, principalmente en Argentina y Brasil, más la inclinación autoritaria y centralizadora de otros gobiernos nacionales, como es el caso de México. No menos importantes han sido los cambios en el federalismo americano, que combinan procesos de devolución con la ampliación de la actuación regulatoria. En Canadá, la evolución del modelo político de la federación generó cambios menos profundos. En cualquier caso, para el período que va desde la década de los ochenta hasta la fecha, los cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento de las cinco federaciones han motivado debates entre los estudiosos del tema. Este libro pretende presentar a los investigadores del área temática las principales tendencias en curso sobre ese debate. Las expresiones y conceptos pueden diferir en su forma, pero acaban por expresar una comprensión de los tres procesos que permiten realizar este análisis comparativo: 1) descentralización, considerada como un amplio espectro entre la no centralización hasta la concentración decisoria en la esfera nacional; 2) relaciones intergubernamentales (RIG) y sus arreglos de coordinación y cooperación entre diferentes niveles de gobierno y las políticas públicas inherentes, y 3) procesos de recentralización que, recientemente, asumen matices distintos en cada país estudiado, igualmente distribuidos en un espectro que va desde la ausencia total del modelo hasta la restitución de atribuciones previamente descentralizadas/delegadas/devueltas a los gobiernos subnacionales. En resumen, este libro se justifica por dos razones básicas: se trata del primer esfuerzo académico de comparación sistemática entre las cinco federaciones americanas y, particularmente, organiza ese debate en torno a las tres dimensiones clave sobre las que han orbitado los procesos de cambio o de refuerzo de las características basales de las federaciones americanas