FAKENEWS, IMPLICAÇÕES SOCIAIS E URGÊNCIA DO DIÁLOGO NA EDUCAÇÃO

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a necessidade da adoção de abordagens que problematizem o uso de tecnologias e mídias no processo educativo como forma de enfrentamento ao fenômeno da desinformação. O artigo está estruturado em três partes: começa com uma exposição que busca caracterizar “Fake News” e algumas implicações para processos sociais; depois, apresenta referenciais teóricos e exemplos de ações para o enfrentamento deste e de outros problemas envolvendo mídias e tecnologias; e, então, relaciona brevemente as duas primeiras partes nas considerações finai

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Prospective study of ultrasound-guided peri-plexus interscalene block with continuous infusion catheter for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and postoperative pain control

ABSTRACT Objective: This trial investigated postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery patients under general anesthesia, associated with ultrasound-guided peri-plexus interscalene brachial plexus block (US-IBPB), and compared single injection to elastomeric pump continuous infusion of local anesthetics. Complications associated to both techniques are described. Methods: In this prospective, quasi-randomized controlled clinical trial, 68 adults scheduled for elective arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were assigned to receive Group 1 (G1 = 41) US-IBPB with a 20 mL injection of 0.5% peri-plexus ropivacaine, introduction of catheter, injection of 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine through continuous catheter infusion of local anesthetic by elastomeric pump (ropivacaine 0.2%, infusion of 5 mL/h). In Group 2 (G2 = 27), US-IBPB, with a single peri-plexus injection of 40 mL ropivacaine 0.5%. In both groups oral analgesics were prescribed, paracetamol 500 mg associated to codeine 30 mg for patients with VAS between 3 and 5, and also oxycodone 20 mg for VAS ≥ 6. The anesthesiology team was available through contact telephones and the patients received a table to complete in order to report pain intensity according to VAS, use of oral medication, and complications related to the catheter and pump, until the third postoperative day. Results: The intensity of pain was higher on second day after surgery than on days 1 and 3, in both groups confirmed by the ANOVA test (p = 0.00006) Among the groups, G1 patients had lower pain intensity than G2, (p = 0.000197). G2 patients presented greater pain intensity during all periods studied (days 1, 2, and 3) than G1 patients. Postoperatively, G2 patients had higher consumption of rescue analgesics, nausea, and vomiting (40.74%) vs. G1 (5%) and dizziness (25.92%). No patient with catheter and elastomeric pump (G1) had complications regarding its insertion and maintenance during postoperative period. Conclusion: The quality of analgesia for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with peri-plexus US-IBPB and continuous infusion with elastomeric pump presented superior postoperative analgesia quality to single puncture IBPB on postoperative days 2 and 3, with lower consumption of rescue opioids in this period