3,253 research outputs found
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Throwing down the gauntlet for molecular plant pathology in the 21st century-what are the new challenges for bacterial research?
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Isolation, characterisation and experimental evolution of phage that infect the horse chestnut tree pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi
Bleeding canker of horse chestnut trees is a bacterial disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, estimated to be present in ~ 50% of UK horse chestnut trees. Currently, the disease has no cure and tree removal can be a common method of reducing inoculum and preventing spread. One potential method of control could be achieved using naturally occurring bacteriophages infective to the causative bacterium. Bacteriophages were isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic horse chestnut trees in three locations in the South East of England. The phages were found to be belonging to both the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families by RAPD PCR and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental coevolution was carried out to understand the dynamics of bacterial resistance and phage infection and to determine whether new infective phage genotypes would emerge. The phages exhibited different coevolution patterns with their bacterial hosts across time. This approach could be used to generate novel phages for use in biocontrol cocktails in an effort to reduce the potential emergence of bacterial resistance
A Plastic Stress Analysis Of Cylindrical Wafers Under Elastically Deformable Compression Plates
This paper represents an analysis of the pressure distribution occurring in axially loaded cylindrical wafers with, and without, elastic radial constraints. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the resulting stress patterns that occur in short compression specimens frequently used in determining material properties, and in the opposed-anvil, or Bridgman-type, high-pressure cells. The influence of radial constraints, material strain hardening, wafer diameter-to-height ratio, anvil or plate deflection, and the wafer-anvil interface friction on the resulting stress distributions have been examined. The integrated normal stress distribution across the specimen surface has been verified experimentally via numerous tests in which each of the subject parameters listed above was varied. © 1967 by ASME
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Miniature transposable sequences are frequently mobilized in the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
Mobile genetic elements are widespread in Pseudomonas syringae, and often associate with virulence genes. Genome
reannotation of the model bean pathogen P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A identified seventeen types of insertion
sequences and two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) with a biased distribution, representing 2.8%
of the chromosome, 25.8% of the 132-kb virulence plasmid and 2.7% of the 52-kb plasmid. Employing an entrapment vector
containing sacB, we estimated that transposition frequency oscillated between 2.661025 and 1.161026, depending on the
clone, although it was stable for each clone after consecutive transfers in culture media. Transposition frequency was similar
for bacteria grown in rich or minimal media, and from cells recovered from compatible and incompatible plant hosts,
indicating that growth conditions do not influence transposition in strain 1448A. Most of the entrapped insertions
contained a full-length IS801 element, with the remaining insertions corresponding to sequences smaller than any
transposable element identified in strain 1448A, and collectively identified as miniature sequences. From these, fragments
of 229, 360 and 679-nt of the right end of IS801 ended in a consensus tetranucleotide and likely resulted from one-ended
transposition of IS801. An average 0.7% of the insertions analyzed consisted of IS801 carrying a fragment of variable size
from gene PSPPH_0008/PSPPH_0017, showing that IS801 can mobilize DNA in vivo. Retrospective analysis of complete
plasmids and genomes of P. syringae suggests, however, that most fragments of IS801 are likely the result of reorganizations
rather than one-ended transpositions, and that this element might preferentially contribute to genome flexibility by
generating homologous regions of recombination. A further miniature sequence previously found to affect host range
specificity and virulence, designated MITEPsy1 (100-nt), represented an average 2.4% of the total number of insertions
entrapped in sacB, demonstrating for the first time the mobilization of a MITE in bacteria
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Editorial on plants as alternative hosts for human and animal pathogens
Many of the most prevalent and devastating human and animal pathogens have part of their lifecycle out-with the animal host. These pathogens have a remarkably wide capacity to adapt to a range of quite different environments: physical, chemical and biological, which is part of the key to their success. Many of the well-known pathogens that are able to jump between hosts in different biological kingdoms are transmitted through the faecal-oral and direct transmission pathways, and as such have become important food-borne pathogens. Some high-profile examples include fresh produce-associated outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Other pathogens may be transmitted via direct contact or aerosols are include important zoonotic pathogens. It is possible to make a broad division between those pathogens that are passively transmitted via vectors and need the animal host for replication (e.g. virus and parasites), and those that are able to actively interact with alternative hosts, where they can proliferate (e.g. the enteric bacteria). This research topic will focus on plants as alternative hosts for human pathogens, and the role of plants in their transmission back to humans. The area is particularly exciting because it opens up new aspects to the biology of some microbes already considered to be very well characterised. One aspect of cross-kingdom host colonisation is in the comparison between the hosts and how the microbes are able to use both common and specific adaptations for each situation. The area is still in relative infancy and there are far more questions than answers at present. We aim to address important questions underlying the interactions for both the microbe and plant host in this research topic
ASTRO Journals' Data Sharing Policy and Recommended Best Practices.
Transparency, openness, and reproducibility are important characteristics in scientific publishing. Although many researchers embrace these characteristics, data sharing has yet to become common practice. Nevertheless, data sharing is becoming an increasingly important topic among societies, publishers, researchers, patient advocates, and funders, especially as it pertains to data from clinical trials. In response, ASTRO developed a data policy and guide to best practices for authors submitting to its journals. ASTRO's data sharing policy is that authors should indicate, in data availability statements, if the data are being shared and if so, how the data may be accessed
Macroscopic electromagnetic stress tensor for ionized media
Following the arguments presented by Mansuripur [Opt. Express 16, 14821-14835
(2008)], we suggest a form for the macroscopic electromagnetic stress tensor
appropriate for ionized media. The generalized Lorentz force includes the
effects of polarization forces as well as those on the free charge and current
densities. The resulting tensor is written in terms of the fields D, B, E, and
H. Its expression for a fully ionized medium subject to an external
electromagnetic field is discussed, as are the plasma conservation equations.
An apparatus is suggested for its experimental discrimination.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, fixed some nonsense with the tubular source, to
appear in JP
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