Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce

Objective: Our primary objective was to examine the global paediatric workforce and to better understand geographic differences in the number of paediatricians globally. Secondary objectives were to describe paediatric workforce expectations, who provides children with preventative care and when children transition out of paediatric care. Design: Survey of identified paediatric leaders in each country. Setting: Paediatric association leaders worldwide. Main outcome measures: Paediatrician numbers, provision of primary care for children, age of transition to adult care. Results: Responses were obtained from 121 countries (73% of countries approached). The number of paediatricians per 100 000 children ranged from a median of 0.5 (IQR 0.3–1.4) in low-income countries to 72 (IQR 4–118) in high-income countries. Africa and South-East Asia reported the lowest paediatrician density (median of 0.8 paediatricians per 100 000 children, IQR 0.4–2.6 and median of 4, IQR 3–9, respectively) and fewest paediatricians entering the workforce. 82% of countries reported transition to adult care by age 18% and 39% by age 15. Most countries (91%) but only 64% of low-income countries reported provision of paediatric preventative care (p\u3c0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Systems of primary care provision varied widely. A majority of countries (63%) anticipated increases in their paediatric workforce in the next decade. Conclusions: Paediatrician density mirrors known inequities in health provider distribution. Fewer paediatricians are entering the workforce in areas with already low paediatrician density, which may exacerbate disparities in child health outcomes. In some regions, children transition to adult care during adolescence, with implications for healthcare training and delivery. Paediatrician roles are heterogeneous worldwide, and country-specific strategies should be used to address inequity in child health provisio

Global Gaps in Training Opportunities for Pediatricians and Pediatric Subspecialists

Objective: A comprehensive, well-trained pediatric workforce is needed to ensure high-quality child health interventions around the globe. Further understanding of pediatric workforce training capacity would assist planning at the global and country level. The purpose of this study was to better understand the availability and process of training programs for pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists worldwide, as well as in-country presence of subspecialists. Methods: A survey was developed and distributed by e-mail to national pediatric leaders across the globe. The survey asked about the number of pediatric training programs, duration and logistics of training, and whether practicing pediatric subspecialists and subspecialty training programs were available in their country. Results: We received responses from 121 of the 166 countries contacted (73%). Of these, 108 countries reported the presence of one or more general pediatric postgraduate training programs, ranging from 1 to 500 programs per country. The number of training programs did not vary significantly by gross domestic product but did vary by region, with the fewest in Africa (P \u3c .001). Most countries identified national guidelines for training (82% of countries) and accreditation (84% of countries). Availability of pediatric subspecialists varied significantly by income and region, from no subspecialties available in 4 countries to all 26 queried subspecialties available in 17 countries. Neonatology was most common, available in 88% of countries. Subspecialty training programs were less available overall, significantly correlating with country income. Conclusion: Education for general pediatrics and pediatric subspecialties is quite limited in many of the countries surveyed, particularly in Africa. The creation of additional educational capacity is a critical issue challenging the adequate provision of pediatrics and pediatric subspecialty services

Characterization of a composite with enhanced attraction to savannah tsetse flies from constituents or analogues of tsetse refractory waterbuck (Kobus defassa) body odor.

Savannah tsetse flies avoid flying toward tsetse fly-refractory waterbuck (Kobus defassa) mediated by a repellent blend of volatile compounds in their body odor comprised of δ-octalactone, geranyl acetone, phenols (guaiacol and carvacrol), and homologues of carboxylic acids (C5-C10) and 2-alkanones (C8-C13). However, although the blends of carboxylic acids and that of 2-alkanones contributed incrementally to the repellency of the waterbuck odor to savannah tsetse flies, some waterbuck constituents (particularly, nonanoic acid and 2-nonanone) showed significant attractive properties. In another study, increasing the ring size of δ-octalactone from six to seven membered ring changed the activity of the resulting molecule (ε-nonalactone) on the savannah tsetse flies from repellency to attraction. In the present study, we first compared the effect of blending ε-nonalactone, nonanoic acid and 2-nonanone in 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary combination on responses of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies in a two-choice wind tunnel. The compounds showed clear synergistic effects in the blends, with the ternary blend demonstrating higher attraction than the binary blends and individual compounds. Our follow up laboratory comparisons of tsetse fly responses to ternary combinations with different relative proportions of the three components showed that the blend in 1:3:2 proportion was most attractive relative to fermented cow urine (FCU) to both tsetse species. In our field experiments at Shimba Hills game reserve in Kenya, where G. pallidipes are dominant, the pattern of tsetse catches we obtained with different proportions of the three compounds were similar to those we observed in the laboratory. Interestingly, the three-component blend in 1:3:2 proportion when released at optimized rate of 13.71mg/h was 235% more attractive to G. pallidipes than a combination of POCA (3-n-Propylphenol, 1-Octen-3-ol, 4-Cresol, and Acetone) and fermented cattle urine (FCU). This constitutes a novel finding with potential for downstream deployment in bait technologies for more effective control of G. pallidipes, G. m. morsitans, and perhaps other savannah tsetse fly species, in 'pull' and 'pull-push' tactics

Assessing the Electrocatalytic Properties of the {Cp*Rh III } 2+ -Polyoxometalate Derivative [H 2 PW 11 O 39 {Rh III Cp*(OH 2 )}] 3- towards CO 2 Reduction

International audienceStorage of electricity produced intermittently by renewable energy sources is a societal issue. Besides the use of batteries and supercapacitors, conversion of excess electricity into chemical energy is also actively investigated. The conversion of CO2 to fuel or fuel precursors is an option that requires the use of a catalyst to overcome the high activation energy barrier. Of molecular catalysts, metal complexes with polypyridyl ligands are well represented, among which the [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl] + and [M(bpy)(CO)3X] (M = Re, Mn) complexes. As redox non-innocent ligand, the bipyridine ligand is generally involved in the reduction mechanisms. It is thus tempting to replace it by other redox non-innocent ligands such as vacant polyoxometalates (POMs). We have thus prepared [α-H2PW11O39{Rh(III)Cp*(OH2}] 3-which is closely related to [Cp*Rh(III)(bpy)Cl] + by substitution of the monovacant [PW11O39] 7-Keggin-type POM for the bipyridine ligand. Its activity towards CO2 reduction has been assessed in acetonitrile in the presence of water. Compared to [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl] + that produces formate selectively over CO and H2, the POM derived catalyst favours proton reduction over CO2 reduction