Variations in the Fe mineralogy of bright Martian soil

Bright regions on Mars are interpreted as 'soil' derived by chemical alteration of crustal rocks, whose main pigmentary component is ferric oxide or oxyhydroxide. The mineralogy and mineralogic variability of ferric iron are important evidence for the evolution of Martian soil: mineralogy of ferric phases is sensitive to chemical conditions in their genetic environments, and the spatial distributions of different ferric phases would record a history of both chemical environments and physical mixing. Reflectance spectroscopic studies provide several types of evidence that discriminate possible pigmentary phases, including the position of a crystal field absorption near 0.9 microns and position and strengths of absorptions in the UV-visible wavelength region. Recent telescopic spectra and laboratory measurements of Mars soil analogs suggest that spectral features of bright soil can be explained based on a single pigmentary phase, hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), occurring in both 'nanophase' and more crystalline forms. Here we report on a systematic investigation of Martian bright regions using ISM imaging spectrometer data, in which we examined spatial variations in the position and shape of the approximately 0.9 microns absorption. We found both local and regional heterogeneities that indicate differences in Fe mineralogy. These results demonstrate that bright soils do not represent a single lithology that has been homogenized by eolian mixing, and suggest that weathering of soils in different geologic settings has followed different physical and chemical pathways

Identification of the ‘NORE’ (N-Oct-3 responsive element), a novel structural motif and composite element

N-Oct-3 is a neuronal transcription factor widely expressed in the developing mammalian central nervous system, and necessary to maintain neural cell differentiation. The key role of N-Oct-3 in the transcriptional regulation of a multiplicity of genes is primarily due to the structural plasticity of its so-called ‘POU’ (acronym of Pit, Oct, Unc) DNA-binding domain. We have recently reported about the unusual dual neuro-specific transcriptional regulation displayed by N-Oct-3 [Blaud,M., Vossen,C., Joseph,G., Alazard,R., Erard,M. and Nieto,L. (2004) J. Mol. Biol., 339, 1049–1058]. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we have now made use of molecular modeling, DNA footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay techniques. This combined approach has allowed us to uncover a novel mode of homodimerization adopted by the N-Oct-3 POU domain bound to the neuronal aromatic amino acids de-carboxylase and corticotropin-releasing hormone gene promoters and to demonstrate that this pattern is induced by a structural motif that we have termed ‘NORE’ (N-Oct-3 responsive element), comprising the 14 bp sequence element TNNRTAAATAATRN. In addition, we have been able to explain how the same structural motif can also induce the formation of a heterodimer in association with hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β(/Forkhead box a2). Finally, we discuss the possible role of the NORE motif in relation to neuroendocrine lung tumor formation, and in particular the development of small cell lung cancer

The Effects Of Benzodiazepine (Valium) On Permeability Of Language Ego Boundaries 1

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98333/1/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00323.x.pd

SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity are associated with genetic variants affecting gene expression in a variety of tissues

Variability in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 disease severity between individuals is partly due to genetic factors. Here, we identify 4 genomic loci with suggestive associations for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and 19 for COVID-19 disease severity. Four of these 23 loci likely have an ethnicity-specific component. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals in 11 loci colocalize with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) associated with the expression of 20 genes in 62 tissues/cell types (range: 1:43 tissues/gene), including lung, brain, heart, muscle, and skin as well as the digestive system and immune system. We perform genetic fine mapping to compute 99% credible SNP sets, which identify 10 GWAS loci that have eight or fewer SNPs in the credible set, including three loci with one single likely causal SNP. Our study suggests that the diverse symptoms and disease severity of COVID-19 observed between individuals is associated with variants across the genome, affecting gene expression levels in a wide variety of tissue types

A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

peer reviewe

The Structure of Cognitive Representation in Psychic Development.

This theoretical paper attempts to show how a consideration of the nature of symbolic thought and its development out of action may illuminate a number of problems in both general psychology and psychoanalysis. Central to this undertaking is the notion that both cognitive and emotional development proceed by a process of differentiation and integration. Such differentiation occurs primarily through the establishment of symbolic-categorical frames of reference which transcend the immediate context of action and feeling and with respect to which actions and affects may become differentiated, concrete particulars, organized in terms of meaningful general concepts. The paper begins with a review of basic clinical and experimental data from which a number of dichotomies between "primitive" and "advanced" thought (e.g., concrete vs. abstract; global and diffuse vs. dimensional and articulate; egocentric vs. objective) have sprung. This includes experimental and clinical data from the study of normal, brain-damaged, mentally retarded, neurotic, and schizophrenic children and adults. Of particular interest is the literature of amnesic aphasia because of the special insights it provides into the relationship of language and pre-categorical thought. Part I shows how many of these dichotomies can be unified and explained in terms of a hypothesized "line of development" of representational thought. The model draws heavily on the work of Piaget, Werner and Kaplan, Goldstein, Langer, and Fast, among others. This inquiry leads into a consideration of the roles of imagery, language, action, and affect in cognition, and provides the basis for a critique of the notion that cognitive development can be fruitfully considered separately from the growth of the total personality. Part II applies the insights and conclusions of this investigation in the reinterpretation of a number of classical doctrines of psychoanalytic metapsychology. Among the topics considered are: (1) the role of symbolic representation in memory; (2) what is meant by conscious, unconscious and preconscious thought; (3) the nature of the primary/secondary process distinction; and (4) the nature of insight in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.Ph.D.Clinical psychologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/159729/1/8402273.pd

Contribution \ue0 l\u27\ue9tude des oiseaux d\u27Iran (R\ue9sultats de la Mission Etchecopar 1967)

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