Technologies and solutions for location-based services in smart cities: past, present, and future

Location-based services (LBS) in smart cities have drastically altered the way cities operate, giving a new dimension to the life of citizens. LBS rely on location of a device, where proximity estimation remains at its core. The applications of LBS range from social networking and marketing to vehicle-toeverything communications. In many of these applications, there is an increasing need and trend to learn the physical distance between nearby devices. This paper elaborates upon the current needs of proximity estimation in LBS and compares them against the available Localization and Proximity (LP) finding technologies (LP technologies in short). These technologies are compared for their accuracies and performance based on various different parameters, including latency, energy consumption, security, complexity, and throughput. Hereafter, a classification of these technologies, based on various different smart city applications, is presented. Finally, we discuss some emerging LP technologies that enable proximity estimation in LBS and present some future research areas

Digital Predistortion Based Experimental Evaluation of Optimized Recurrent Neural Network for 5G Analog Radio Over Fiber Links

In the context of Enhanced Remote Area Communications (ERAC), Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology plays a crucial role in extending reliable connectivity to underserved and remote areas. This paper explores the significance of fifth-generation (5G) Digital Predistortion (DPD) role in mitigating non-linearities in Radio over Fiber (RoF) systems for enhancing communication capabilities in remote regions. The seamless integration of RoF and 5G technologies requires robust linearization techniques to ensure high-quality signal transmission. In this paper, we propose and exhibit the effectiveness of a machine learning (ML)-based DPD method for linearizing next-generation Analog Radio over Fiber (A-RoF) links within the 5G landscape. The study investigates the use of an optimized recurrent neural network (ORNN) based DPD experimentally on a multiband 5G new radio (NR) A-RoF system while maintaining low complexity. The ORNN model is evaluated using flexible-waveform signals at 2.14 GHz and 5G NR signals at 10 GHz transmitted over a 10 km fiber length. The proposed ORNN-based machine learning approach is optimized and is compared with conventional generalized memory polynomial (GMP) model and canonical piecewise linearization (CPWL) methods in terms of Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR), Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), and in terms of computation complexity including, storage, time and memory consumption. The findings demonstrate that the proposed ORNN model reduces EVM to below 2% as compared to 12% for non-compensated cases while ACPR is reduced by 18 dBc, meeting 3GPP limits

A Marketplace for Efficient and Secure Caching for IoT Applications in 5G Networks

As the communication industry is progressing towards fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks, the traffic it carries is also shifting from high data rate traffic from cellular users to a mixture of high data rate and low data rate traffic from Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Moreover, the need to efficiently access Internet data is also increasing across 5G networks. Caching contents at the network edge is considered as a promising approach to reduce the delivery time. In this paper, we propose a marketplace for providing a number of caching options for a broad range of applications. In addition, we propose a security scheme to secure the caching contents with a simultaneous potential of reducing the duplicate contents from the caching server by dividing a file into smaller chunks. We model different caching scenarios in NS-3 and present the performance evaluation of our proposal in terms of latency and throughput gains for various chunk sizes

PENGGUNAAN DIKSI PADA DAFTAR MENU MAKANAN WARUNG DI MAKASSAR

Abstract: The use of diction in the food stall menu in Makassar. This study aims to: (1) describe the form of diction on the food stall menu list in Makassar, (2) describe the meaning of diction on the food stall menu list in Makassar, (3) describe the function of diction in the food stall menu list in Makassar. This type of research is qualitative research. The source of data in this study is the menu of a food stall in Makassar. The results of the study reveal the form of diction, types of meaning, and function of diction. The forms of diction used on food stalls in Makassar are basic words, affixes, reduplications, and compounding. There are nine types of meaning found in the use of diction in food stall menus in Makassar, namely lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, referential meaning, denotative meaning, connotative meaning, general meaning, special meaning, associative meaning, and idiomatical meaning. In addition, the diction function used on the food stall menu in Makassar, namely the function of providing information, the function of attraction, and the unique function. Keywords: diction, form, meaning, function, men

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Repair of Congenital Spinal Pathologies, Incidence and Management

Objective:  To know the incidence of CSF leak and role of tincture benzoyl in the management of CSF leak after the repair of congenital spinal deformities like myelomeningocele, meningocele and tethered cord syndrome.Materials and Methods:  All patients who were operated for congenital spinal surgeries in the form of MMC, Meningocele and TCS by a single surgeon were followed for a minimum of 3 months. Patients with already CSF leak/ruptured MMC prior to surgery were not part of the study. The particulars like gender and type of surgery, days since first surgery, associated infection, hydrocephalus and type of management were noted on a proforma.Results:  A total of 73 patients with spinal dysraphism were operated during the study period and of them about 13 patients returned with problems of the CSF leak. The mean duration and duration since the CSF leak was from 6 days to 16 days. Among them, 10 patients had an MMC repair and one patient had TCS release, while 2 patients were having meningocele repair. The patients were stitched and one patient was re-operated two times for repair of CSF leak. Two patients had a CSF leak along with post op signs of HCP that settled by placing a shunt along with primary repair of the wound reinforced with tincture benzoyl in a single setting. Conclusion:  CSF leak is a common complication following repair of spinal dysraphism and most patients can be managed with the application of tincture benzoyl alone or after simple skin reinforcement

The Effect of Job Crafting on Job Creativity through Job Engagement: A Case of Banking Sector of Vehari, Pakistan

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of job crafting upon job creativity and how job engagement intervenes this relationship. In this study, data were collected through self-administered questionnaires on LIKERT type scale from banking sector employees at district Vehari, Pakistan. In all, 300 survey questionnaires were circulated among which 271 were returned back yielding a useable response rate of 90%. The analysis of the data revealed that job crafting has significant positive impact on job creativity of employees working in banking sector of Vehari, Pakistan but this relationship is not only direct and job engagement plays the role of a mediator. Considering the importance of appreciations received by bankers management, policy makers should take necessary steps for improving the job engagement system and job crafting which will increase the job creativity of employees because their motivation to their profession will increase. Limitations and future guidelines have been discussed.