Investigating Nonequilibrium Ionization and Recombination Processes in Solar Wind and Transient Plasma

In this work, I investigated the evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the solar wind by combining remote sensing, in situ observations, and nonequilibrium ionization modeling using the Michigan Ionization Code (MIC). The work investigates physical processes governing the plasma’s radial evolution and the injection of energy to the system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate low ionized charge states in CMEs and He+ in the solar wind to understand their origin and formation. Through simulations of charge states with the MIC, the modeling work reconstructed the thermodynamic evolution of several plasma structures within the expansion of a coronal mass ejection (CME) by examining heliospheric ion composition within the ejecta. The reconstructed CME contained rare, low charge states, which are often absent within CMEs, along with typical highly ionized coronal plasma. Modeling results show that the source of the low ionized material in the CME measurements is from prominence material and is not a result of recombination from cooling of the plasma. However, part of the prominence also exists in a highly ionized form. These results provide important constraints to the evolution of prominence material that is often observed at the Sun but rarely measured in situ. In addition, this study indicated the CME components experienced rapid, continuous, and non-uniform heating as they travelled away from the Sun. Motivated by these results, I identified useful spectral lines to study the eruption with future solar telescopes. This study investigated the diagnostic potential of several spectral lines spanning the EUV to near-Infrared and ranging between chromospheric and sub-flare temperatures to enable a comprehensive examination of solar eruptions that can be coupled with in situ and nonequilibrium modeling. I present a list of recommended spectral lines along with a discussion of their diagnostic capability. Results show that several of the most observable lines will be within the planned observations of future solar telescopes; Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), and Upgraded COronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (UCoMP), and instruments on Solar Orbiter, e.g. Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) and Multi-Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy (METIS). Furthermore, I investigated the presence of singly ionized He in the solar wind, that are outside of CME cores and pick up ions, to determine their origin and formation mechanism using the MIC. Current ionization models of the solar wind cannot account for the enhanced density of He+ observed at 1AU, therefore we reconcile the additional He+ through charge exchange of solar wind alphas and outgassed interplanetary dust neutrals. We find that charge exchange processes can be an important mechanism in the formation of solar He+ from alpha particles below 10-15Rsun, and due to this, may potentially shape ion densities for other species in the solar wind as well.PHDClimate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166146/1/yrivera_1.pd

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de Violencia. Bogotá, Colombia y Castellón de la Plana, España

El estudio de la problemática del desplazamiento forzado ha sufrido modificaciones en el transcurso de los años, teniendo en cuenta que es una situación que se debe abarcar desde la multidisciplinariedad y la mayor cantidad de espacios sociales posibles, dentro de ellos, el espacio educativo que es el que nos compete para el presente artículo. Durante este ejercicio académico disciplinario realizado en el diplomado de Acompañamiento Psicosocial en Escenarios de Violencia, se pretende llevar a cabo la estrategia de observación frente a la formulación de preguntas dentro de un enfoque narrativo, en el desarrollo del caso de violencia de Ana Ligia, proponiendo estrategias psicosociales en el grupo de trabajo para el abordaje, exponiendo de manera más efectiva y propositiva la construcción y diseño de la intervención psicosocial. Este desarrollo nos permitió realizar un análisis de la problemática social de violencia representada a través del “desplazamiento forzado” mediante la intervención psicosocial, la cual se ve reflejada en las estrategias planteadas y respuesta a preguntas orientadoras propuestas en la guía de actividades. A este respecto, se evidenciaron los impactos psicosociales derivados antes, durante y después de este flagelo, experiencia narrada por la víctima en la que se observa en las consecuencias identificadas del suceso. En este sentido, para plantear una perspectiva metodológica, se busca transformar las experiencias negativas que deja la violencia evidenciada en Bogotá y Castellón de la Plana a través de la técnica de la narrativa y mediante la herramienta de foto voz, para generar espacios transformadores y resilientes en los que se evidencie, una apropiación de nuestro actuar como psicólogos a partir de estas narrativas de violencia.The study of the problem of forced displacement has undergone modifications over the pass of years, considering that it is a situation that must be covered from multidisciplinary and as many social spaces as possible, within them, the educational space that is the one that concerns us for this article. During this disciplinary academic exercise carried out in the Psychosocial Accompaniment in Scenarios of Violence diploma, it is intended to carry out the observation strategy against the formulation of questions within a narrative approach, in the development of the case of violence of Ana Ligia, proposing psychosocial strategies in the work group for the approach, exposing in a more effective and purposeful way the construction and design of the psychosocial intervention. This development allowed us to carry out an analysis of the social problem of violence represented through "forced displacement" through psychosocial intervention, which is reflected in the strategies proposed and answers to guiding questions proposed in the activity guide. In this regard, the psychosocial impacts derived before, during and after this scourge were evidenced, an experience narrated by the victim in which it is observed in the identified consequences of the event. In this sense, to propose a methodological perspective, it seeks to transform the negative experiences left by the violence evidenced in Bogotá and Castellon de la Plana through the narrative technique and through the photovoice tool, to generate transformative and resilient spaces. in which it is evident, an appropriation of our actions as psychologists based on these narratives of violence. Key words: violence, psychosocial intervention, resilience, victim

Departamento del Cesar: oportunidades para sistemas productivos sostenibles a partir de energías alternativas

El presente artículo brinda una breve panorámica geográfica, económica y política del Cesar, así como una exposición de la vocación agropecuaria del departamento y la formulación de los diferentes planes locales estructurados desde la Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Empresarial del Cesar durante el periodo 2016-2019., los cuales cuentan con una prospectiva a 20 años. Así mismo, se presenta el panorama actual de las energías alternativas en el Cesar y las estrategias de articulación de estas iniciativas con los sistemas agropecuarios sostenibles que impulsen ventajas competitivas para nuestro territorio, alineados a proyectos con potencial hídrico y solar que posicionan al Cesar como un departamento con oportunidades de desarrollo rural hacia la consolidación de una bioeconomía.

El impacto del score ESG en el desempeño financiero en compañías del sector de consumo discrecional en Latinoamérica

Esta investigación evaluó si existe alguna relación entre la calificación ESG de las compañías con su valor en el mercado y su rendimiento financiero. Para validar esta hipótesis, se analizó la información de 143 compañías latinoamericanas relacionadas con el sector de consumo discrecional, en el período 2012-2021, con frecuencia anual. Por medio de regresiones OLS, se encontró que la calificación ESG tiene un efecto estadísticamente significativo y positivo sobre el desempeño financiero medido por la Q de Tobin, que muestra que el mercado reconoce una prima sobre el valor de mercado en aquellas compañías que poseen puntuación ESG. Adicionalmente, este trabajo encontró que tener una calificación ESG más alta no tiene un efecto significativo sobre el desempeño financiero de las empresas analizadas, medido a través del ROE y ROA. Sin embargo, por medio de pruebas de diferencias de media usando el test de Welch, se observó que las compañías que implementan prácticas ESG tienen mejor desempeño financiero que aquellas que no implementan ninguna de estas prácticas. Estos resultados indican que, si bien el desempeño de ESG puede ser importante para el valor de mercado general de una empresa, la falta de una relación significativa entre el ROE y el ROA frente a las calificaciones ESG destaca que estas no deben verse como el único determinante del desempeño financiero y que se deben tener en cuenta otros factores, tales como la gestión eficiente de costos, el apalancamiento y las condiciones del mercado.This investigation evaluated whether there is any relationship between the ESG rating of companies with their market value and their financial performance. To validate this hypothesis, information from 143 Latin American companies related to the consumer discretionary sector was analyzed, in the period 2012-2021, on an annual basis. Through OLS regressions, it was found that the ESG rating has a statistically significant and positive effect on financial performance measured by Tobin's Q, showing that the market recognizes a premium over market value in those Companies that have an ESG score. Additionally, this work found that having a higher ESG rating does not have a significant effect on the financial performance of the companies analyzed, measured through ROE and ROA. However, through mean difference tests using the Welch test, it was observed that companies that implement ESG practices have better financial performance than those that do not implement any of these practices. These results indicate that while ESG performance can be important to a company’s overall market value, the lack of a meaningful relationship between ROE and ROA versus ESG ratings highlights that ESG ratings should not be viewed as the sole determinant of financial performance and that other factors must be taken into account, such as efficient cost management, leverage and market conditions

Dropouts of Fully Stripped Ions in the Solar Wind: A Diagnostic for Wave Heating versus Reconnection

The SWICS instrument aboard the ACE satellite has detected frequent intervals in the slow solar wind and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in which C6+ and other fully stripped ions are strongly depleted, though the ionization states of elements such as Si and Fe indicate that those ions should be present. It has been suggested that these outlier or dropout events can be explained by the resonant cyclotron heating process, because these ions all have the same cyclotron frequency as He2+. We investigate the region in the corona where these outlier events form. It must be above the ionization freeze-in height and the transition to collisionless plasma conditions, but low enough that the wind still feels the effects of solar gravity. We suggest that the dropout events correspond to relatively dense blobs of gas in which the heating is reduced because local variations in the Alfven speed change the reflection of Alfven waves and the turbulent cascade. As a result, the wave power at the cyclotron frequency of the fully stripped ions is absorbed by He2+ and may not be able to heat the other fully-stripped ions enough to overcome solar gravity. If this picture is borne out, it may help to discriminate between resonant cyclotron heating and stochastic heating models of the solar wind

El comercio electrónico y su evolución en emprendedores de indumentaria y tendencias de moda femenina en El Salvador.

El comercio electrónico se ha convertido en una herramienta virtual y comercial que le ha permitido a los emprendedores vender sus productos y servicios a través de una tienda virtual, permitiendo realizar transacciones con cualquier forma de pago autorizado desde cualquier parte del mundo. El crecimiento de ventas por internet ha ido despertando el interés de cada vez más personas por crear un negocio virtual, habiendo hoy en día muchas plataformas que facilitan la creación de una tienda virtual con una inversión inicial baja, así como también las redes sociales juegan un papel protagonista en las comunicaciones online. El e-commerce es uno de los grandes bienes que internet ha proporcionado a los emprendedores de los más variados segmentos, por esto es importante comenzar buscando el público objetivo, comparar el mercado nacional e internacional para perfeccionar procesos y como emprendedores ofrecer diferenciales. Con un usuario cada vez más exigente el comercio electrónico se ha ido adaptando para ofrecer una mejor experiencia al consumidor online, sin duda una nueva oportunidad para los emprendedores de adaptar sus ofertas, productos y servicios. Esta transformación en los hábitos de los consumidores constituye de manera especial una gran oportunidad. En el 2020 se vivió una aceleración sin precedentes en el comercio electrónico, haciendo referencia a la industria de la moda es de hecho una industria muy competitiva en el mercado online, es una oportunidad para los emprendedores, un futuro para el comercio minoristas y para poder crecer en el mercado nacional e internacional

Prácticas sobre estimulación prenatal que realizan las gestantes adultas asistentes al control prenatal en Sincelejo (Colombia)

Resumen Objetivos: Describir las prácticas de cuidado sobre estimulación prenatal que realizan consigo mismas y con su hijo un grupo de gestantes asistentes al control prenatal en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud Las Américas, San Luis y al Programa de Proyección Social de la Universidad de Sucre, durante septiembre y octubre de 2006. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal, con una selección de muestra intencional de 141 gestantes, las cuales no tenían patologías asociadas, que constituían el 68.7% del total de la población objeto del estudio. Resultados: El 92.9% de la muestra no asistió al curso psicoprofiláctico, 69.5% de las gestantes manifestó que la estimulación debe hacerse desde el primer trimestre del embarazo, el 63.8% respondió que siempre le habla a su bebé y realiza estimulación auditiva, mientras que 48.9% respondió que siempre evita colocar música cerca del abdomen. En cuanto a la estimulación visual, el 76.6% de la muestra manifestó que nunca estimula con luz a través del abdomen a su bebé. Conclusiones: En general, las prácticas de estimulación prenatal sencillas o instintivas, entre las que se encuentran hablarle y acariciar el abdomen, fueron aceptables. Es posible inferir que las gestantes de este estudio presentan buenas prácticas de estimulación táctil por medio de las caricias a través de las paredes abdominales, lo cual ayuda a fortalecer el vínculo madre-hijo. Palabras claves: Gestante, prácticas de cuidado, control prenatal, estimulación prenatal, estimulación auditiva, estimulación táctil, estimulación visual. Abstract Objetive: Describe the practices in prenatal estimutation care and with their unborn children a group of adult pregnant women who assist to antenatal control at the institutional health services Las Americas, San Luis and the Social Projection Program of the Universityof Sucre, during September – October of 2006. Materials and methods: It was developed a descriptive study, cross sectional, with an intentional selection of a sample of 141 pregnant women without associated pathologies, that represent 68.7% of the population involved in the study. Results: According to care practices of antenatal stimulation, it was observed that 92.9% of the sample did not assist to psycoprofilactic course, 69.5% manifested that stimulation must be made since first trimester, what it’s positive for developing the new human being; 63.8% of the sample said that always talk to their baby, making auditory stimulation, while 48.9% said that always avoid to play music near the abdomen. About visual stimulation, 76.6% of the sample said that never stimulate with light through the abdomen to her baby. Conclusions: In general the practices of simple prenatal stimulations among then the speach and abdominal stimulations were accepted. This pregnancy women present good practices of tactil stimulation throught contact with the abdominal walls to enforce the contact mother-child. Key words: Adult pregnant woman, care practices, antenatal control, antenatal stimulation, auditory stimulation, tactile stimulation, visual stimulation

The Temperature, Electron, and Pressure Characteristics of Switchbacks: Parker Solar Probe Observations

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observes unexpectedly prevalent switchbacks, which are rapid magnetic field reversals that last from seconds to hours, in the inner heliosphere, posing new challenges to understanding their nature, origin, and evolution. In this work, we investigate the thermal states, electron pitch angle distributions, and pressure signatures of both inside and outside switchbacks, separating a switchback into spike, transition region (TR), and quiet period (QP). Based on our analysis, we find that the proton temperature anisotropies in TRs seem to show an intermediate state between spike and QP plasmas. The proton temperatures are more enhanced in spike than in TR and QP, but the alpha temperatures and alpha-to-proton temperature ratios show the opposite trends, implying that the preferential heating mechanisms of protons and alphas are competing in different regions of switchbacks. Moreover, our results suggest that the electron integrated intensities are almost the same across the switchbacks but the electron pitch angle distributions are more isotropic inside than outside switchbacks, implying switchbacks are intact structures but strong scattering of electrons happens inside switchbacks. In addition, the examination of pressures reveals that the total pressures are comparable through a switchback, confirming switchbacks are pressure-balanced structures. These characteristics could further our understanding of ion heating, electron scattering, and the structure of switchbacks.Comment: submitted to Ap

Defining the Middle Corona

International audienceAbstract The middle corona, the region roughly spanning heliocentric distances from 1.5 to 6 solar radii, encompasses almost all of the influential physical transitions and processes that govern the behavior of coronal outflow into the heliosphere. The solar wind, eruptions, and flows pass through the region, and they are shaped by it. Importantly, the region also modulates inflow from above that can drive dynamic changes at lower heights in the inner corona. Consequently, the middle corona is essential for comprehensively connecting the corona to the heliosphere and for developing corresponding global models. Nonetheless, because it is challenging to observe, the region has been poorly studied by both major solar remote-sensing and in-situ missions and instruments, extending back to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) era. Thanks to recent advances in instrumentation, observational processing techniques, and a realization of the importance of the region, interest in the middle corona has increased. Although the region cannot be intrinsically separated from other regions of the solar atmosphere, there has emerged a need to define the region in terms of its location and extension in the solar atmosphere, its composition, the physical transitions that it covers, and the underlying physics believed to shape the region. This article aims to define the middle corona, its physical characteristics, and give an overview of the processes that occur there