Personal Identification (PIN) Safe Model to Analyze Unsafe Actions that Characterize Maritime Accidents

This research focuses attention on safety challenges in maritime accidents, as the basis of conditions of unsafe actions of the human factor. Analyzing data is based on reports from JTSB (Japan Transport Safety Board) during 1991-2008. \ud All equipment and systems has sensitive operations in working environment. While interacting of human in working performance have limitations in human element. In the strategy of Personal Identification (PIN) Safe model within working environment considering two condition about substandard practices of operators and substandard working conditions of operators. Substandard conditions are broken down from attribution of causes interacting with adverse mental states, adverse physiological states, and physical/mental limitations. Types of substandard practices include crew resource mismanagement and personal readiness. Each of these subcategories is discussed in the model of the characteristic of the human element in analyzing data. In the theory of causation in the maritime field is mentioned that one of the root cause analysis problems considered using 4 M (Man, Machine, Media, Management) Factors. Every factor while interacting where the center is a human who has the limitation in decision-making/taking actions will result in unsafe conditions or unsafe actions. While generating have a significant error from standard performance, can be said to be human error. Any unsafe actions or conditions lead to incident or accident has risks.\ud Reliability of safety critical system is implemented in risks for human beings in its environment, such as unsafe actions in maritime accident. Critical systems engineering is to avoid disasters. A critical system is any system whose 'failure' could threaten human life, the system's environment of the organization which operates the systems. These people may interact with system or not. In safety critical system, people need to be aware of these risks and know what to do in the case of problems. Any reasonable conclusion possible as Personal Identification (PIN) Safe model is done in logic of pattern in working environment.\ud In this research (as shown in fig.1.3) Logic of patterns (AND/OR), as developed by the author, is used to illustrate how a combination of both can occur. In the logic of the patterns, the author has conducted research how to implement logic such as AND / OR to determine the exposure of sensitive situation using taxonomy error codes which is implemented in a union set. It is integrated into a model called a Personal Identification (PIN) Safe model. Based on this reasoning, Personal Identification (PIN) Safe model is done in logic of patterns of human beings.\ud The result of this research is:\ud a. Identifying human elements in risk.\ud Identifying human elements is based on unsafe actions and their root cause to determine any kind of risk in maritime accidents. Any unsafe actions have different characteristics that lead to kinds of maritime accidents. The assessment step is applied in probability weight as a measure to determine the level of risk associated with a specific hazard. The result indicates the level of consequences from a risk. Minimizing the decrease of quality human performance as impacted in unsafe actions is implemented with 3A (awareness, action and attitude) behavior in part of PIN Safe model.\ud b. Improving quality of decisions in response to unsafe actions\ud Quality of decisions is increasing quality sense of decisions by input, process and output to get situational awareness and situational familiarity in working environment to minimize any significant deviations, particularly in the maritime transport system. These elements are embedded in very complex, interdependent, and dynamic relationships. The maritime transport system is a very complex and large-scale socio-technical environment system consisting of human actions that interact with each other and operate in a physical environment in the term man-machine-media and management. Knowledge of working environment is one part of decreasing the risk value of an individual ship. Every risk will reach to accident. Considering further that it has the probability accident which is determined by the ship???s time and location. Effective analysis and practice is the counter measure for reducing the human elements??? involvement by studying the patterns that have the same value as of probability weight in taxonomy error. These have been developed in order to get the performance shaping factors by PIN Safe model as anticipation of engineering controls.\ud c. Controlling the patterns of unsafe action in risk \ud Risk is the probability and severity of loss from exposure to the hazard. The accident probability for an individual ship is determined using so called ???exposures??? and a casualty rate. The exposures are the number of potential casualty sensitive situations in which the ship can be involved that could lead to an accident. This process definition will be easier to recognize by the taxonomy error in the performance of the seafarer. \ud The probability weight and severity of accident that could result produce a pattern from the hazard, based upon the exposures of personal unsafe actions within the hazard. From such pattern there can be shown how navigation problems contribute as the highest input to the collision accident. It is expected that the exposures are a key to developing human performance. During operations of workers, it can be seen how they will be affected by a given event or, over time, by repeated events. \ud d. Monitoring the patterns of unsafe action\ud Repeated events as unsafe actions need evaluation. Regarding these situations, the author has been researching methods in the control of taxonomy error of unsafe actions till within 4M factors as a comprehensive monitoring information process in PIN Safe model. These are needed for the role of management to evaluate. Strong management to analyze events??? characteristics of unsafe actions is important in establishing the evaluation strategies. Monitoring all factors should be done to avoid critical situations and to minimize human casualty. In chapter 5, there is a result that highest cases of human casualty come from unsafe actions such as improper management for ship operation, management of electrical equipment, improper handling and other tasks, improper fishing work, poor management of passengers and cargo loading; and others. There is the need for keeping continuous and specific training in a limited time. Knowing the kind of monitoring in unsafe actions can help to map features of human limitations to get a unique approach to improving human performance

ROBOT PENGGERAK DUA RODA SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ROBOTIK BAGI SISWA DI PONDOK PESANTREN IMMIM MAKASSAR

Abstract. Student creativity and innovation are created through continuous learning processes and good environmental interactions accompanied by efforts to achieve a better. The role of the educator is an important part to enhance the creation and innovation, especially related to the technology-based automation. This activity aims to provide automation training for teachers and students for the development of creativity in the field of computing and robot automation. The training material consists of 60% practice and 40% theory, using a two-wheeled robot module, a microcontroller, and Arduino applications were applied. The trainees were divided into four groups accompanied by the trained team as a mentor for each group. The training was conducted at the campus of Pesantren IMMIM Putra Islamic Boarding School along two full days. The participants were students and a coach accompanying them. The results of the training activities were evaluated showing the participants were able to understand the basics of automation technology using two-wheeled robotic media.       Abstrakt. Daya kreasi dan inovasi pelajar tercipta melalui proses belajar berterusan dan interaksi lingkungan yang baik disertai upaya pencapaian yang lebih baik. Edukasi masyarakat pelajar dan pendidik menjadi bagian penting untuk mengejar ketertinggalan dalam kreasi dan inovasi khususnya terkait teknologi berbasis robotic dan otomasi. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan memberikan pelatihan robotic dan otomasi kepada Pembina kegiatan ekstrakurikuler dan santri-santri untuk mengembangkan kreatifitas bidang pengetahun otomasi dan robot. Pelatihan menggabungkan teori dan praktek. Materi pelatihan terdiri atas 60% praktek dan 40% teori, menggunakan modul robot dua roda, mikrokontroller, dan aplikasi Arduino. Peserta pelatihan dibagi dalam empat kelompok didampingi oleh masing-masing satu orang mahasiswa anggota Tim pengabdian sebagai mentor dalam setiap kelompok. Pelatihan dilakukan di Pondok Pesantrin IMMIM Putra selama dua hari penuh dengan peserta santri-santri dan Pembina ekstrakurikuler. Hasil kegiatan pelatihan dievaluasi menunjukkan santri dan Pembina ekstrakurikuler memahami teknologi otomasi dasar menggunakan media robot penggerak dua roda

事故原因の解析に基づく海難分析に関する研究

博士（海事科学）神戸大

Probabilitas Kecelakaan Kapal Tenggelam di Wilayah Selat Makassar

Tingginya kasus kecelakaan kapal tenggelam di Indonesia yang terjadi selama ini harus menjadi perhatian semua pihak, terlebih lagi untuk wilayah selat Makassar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang skenario kegagalan untuk beberapa faktor penyebab kecelakaan kapal tenggelam yang disajikan dalam bentuk Fault Tree. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Metode FTA digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi resiko yang berperan terhadap terjadinya kegagalan. Metode ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan yang bersifat top down, yang diawali dengan asumsi kegagalan atau kerugian dari kejadian puncak (top event) kemudian merinci sebab-sebab suatu top event sampai pada suatu kegagalan dasar (root cause) pada level sistem. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor lingkungan berbahaya merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya kecelakaan kapal tenggelam dengan nilai probabilitas 0,146551. Sedangkan nilai probabilitas kecelakaan kapal tenggelam di wilayah perairan selat Makassar dengan metode FTA adalah 0,151461

Analisa Resiko dengan Job Safety Analysis (JSA) pada Pekerjaan Reparasi Kapal di PT. Afta Tehnik Mandiri Shipyard Makassar

Potensi bahaya yang tinggi dan kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi pada PT. Afta Tehnik Mandiri Shipyard Makassar khususnya pada pekerjaan reparasi kapal memerlukan perhatian lebih, beberapa penyebabnya adalah perilaku tindakan tidak aman yang dilakukan oleh pekerja, kurangnya pengawasan dan pengecekan atau inspeksi peralatan kerja. Sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bahaya dan risiko pada pekerjaan reparasi kapal, menganalisa tingkat risiko pada setiap pekerjaan, dan merumuskan langkah pengendalian risiko pada setiap bahaya yang ada pada pekerjaan reparasi kapal. Dalam mengidentifikasi bahaya dan risiko metode yang digunakan adalah Job Safety Analysis (JSA), untuk mengetahui nilai risiko maka harus menentukan tingkat kemungkinan suatu kejadian (Likelihood) dan tingkat keparahan yang di timbulkan (Severity), setelah itu gunakan tabel matriks untuk mengetahui peringkat risiko, dan pengendalian risiko berdasarkan standar ILO code of practice: safety and health in shipbuilding and ship repair (revised edition). Terdapat 6 jenis pekerjaan pada reparasi kapal yaitu sandblasting dan painting, replating, pemeliharaan rantai dan jangkar kapal, pemeliharaan propeller dan poros propeller, tank cleaning dan pemeliharaan tongkat kemudi, potensi bahaya yang teridentifikasi sejumlah 67 dengan uraian tingkat risiko ekstrim ada 4, tingkat risiko tinggi ada 33, tingkat risiko sedang ada 29, dan tingkat risiko rendah ada 1 pada 6 pekerjaan reparasi kapal