Eszmények és emlékek Bartók Negyvennégy hegedűduójában

The 44 Duos are unique among Bartók’s folksongs arrangements in the character- istics of its choice of melodies. Its peculiarity consists not only in juxtaposing Hungarian, Slovakian, Rumanian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Arab folk tunes. In the 44 Duos Bartók chose melodies which represent musical connections between the above- mentioned ethnic groups. One can find examples of the influence of the Hungarian “new- style” in Slovakian folk music, Hungarian “old- style” in Ruma- nian music, Ruthenian “kolomejka” rhythm in Hungarian and Slovakian folk songs. There are also borrowed melodies, and musical elements, which are present in melodies of various ethnic groups. The selecting of particular types in the 44 Duos can be explained by the aim to e xpress ideas which are conceived by Bartók several times. One aspect of these ideas is the cooperation of Hungarians, Rumanians and Slovaks which should be free from a national bias. Other aspect is the brotherhood of peoples in spite of all wars and conflicts. He wrote that his music served this idea by arising from Hun- garian, Slovak, Rumanian, Arabic and other sources. Responding to nazi ideology he also stated that the “race impurity” of folk music is a beneficial phenomenon, as new styles or new types of melodies can be born through the interaction of folk music. The other group of pieces of the 44 Duos (excepting some easy ones for begin- ners) are based on Hungarian, Slovakian, Rumanian and Ruthenian tunes of folk ceremonies. Bartók named the type of ceremony but did not mark the ethnic provenance of the source in the titles. Therefore this group can represent an imaginary cycle of ceremony songs of the Carpathian basin. This is on the one hand a picturesque phrasing of the ideas mentioned above. On the other hand it evokes the peasant life and ceremonies of the multiethnic Hungary before World W ar I and a reminiscence of period of Bartók’s collecting trips

Erkel Hymnuszának keletkezése és hagyományozódásának története az első világháborúig

A tanulmány bemutatja az 1844-es Hymnus-pályázatra beérkezett ismert műveket, Erkel Hymnuszának a szerzőhöz köthető forrásai alapján vizsgálja a mű jellegzetes magyaros, "verbunkos"-ként számon tartott elemeit, azok korabeli zenei kontextusát, ezek alapján a mű vélhető eredeti - a közhiedelemmel ellentétben valószínűleg nem gyors - tempóját. Az első világháborúig megjelent kottákra és hangfelvételekre támaszkodva bemutatja, hogyan alakult ki a közzenei hagyományban a Himnusznak az a változata, amelyet Dohnányi átirata is szentesített

Labelling and safety of foodstuffs, local products, governmental measures, conscious cosumerism - what next?

The rapid pace of change in science and technology, changes in legislation and the current socio-economic and socio-demographic realities have all had a marked impact on the food we buy today. The intensification of farming, such as the use of pesticides, and the industrialisation of food production, using additives and preservatives improve taste, appearance and shelf-life, for example, can be the causes for concern, among many consumers. Globalisation is another driver of change; we have more products to choose from, brought to us from all corners of the world. As a result, food can now be sourced anywhere, sometimes subject to different food quality standards. In the present study legal regulation of food labelling in EU, operation of the RASFF system, currently applied ‘Hungarian product’ trademarks and markings and the relating new Hungarian Product Regulation, the planned measures of the Hungarian Government concerning the VAT of some basic foodstuff are introduced briefly. All these are complemented with consumer behaviour surveys to see how all these considered, accepted, evaluated by consumers.</jats:p