Fungal enzyme sets for plant polysaccharide degradation

Enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides has many industrial applications, such as within the paper, food, and feed industry and for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins are the main components of plant cell wall polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are often tightly packed, contain many different sugar residues, and are branched with a diversity of structures. To enable efficient degradation of these polysaccharides, fungi produce an extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The variety of the enzyme set differs between fungi and often corresponds to the requirements of its habitat. Carbohydrate-active enzymes can be organized in different families based on the amino acid sequence of the structurally related catalytic modules. Fungal enzymes involved in plant polysaccharide degradation are assigned to at least 35 glycoside hydrolase families, three carbohydrate esterase families and six polysaccharide lyase families. This mini-review will discuss the enzymes needed for complete degradation of plant polysaccharides and will give an overview of the latest developments concerning fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and their corresponding families

LES HELICOBACTERS GASTRIQUES CHEZ LES CARNIVORES DOMESTIQUES

MARCY L'ETOILE-Ec.Nat.Vétéri (691272301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Study of native starch hydration : influence of sorption hysteresis

Results concerning water sorption in native potato starch granules are presented for structural properties (evolution of apparent X-ray crystallinity with water uptake) and for thermodynamical data (large hysteresis phenomenon in the absence of definite porosity). A synthetic explanation is not yet possible but the desorption pseudo equilibria observed are probably transitory states drifting very slowly

Etude sanitaire du Havre de la Vanlée

La présente étude a pour objet d'évaluer l'ampleur des variations de la contamination microbiologique des coquillages sur les secteurs de production et les zones dites de "réserves" (stockage temporaire des coquillages en haut d'estran) situés de part et d'autre du Havre de la Vanlée (ouest Cotentin). Une corrélation positive entre la contamination et les forts coefficients de marée est démontrée. Le renforcement des contaminations par forts vents d'ouest est également démontrée

Chronostratigraphy of the key Upper Miocene (Lower Turolian) sequence of la Montagne d’Andance (Ardèche, France). Implications of new 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion and unspiked K-Ar dating of trachytic tephra and basalts

International audienceAbstract A trachytic tephra layer deposited in the lower part of the Upper Miocene (Turolian) diatomite sequence at la Montagne d’Andance (Coiron basaltic province, France) contains glass shards (73 % SiO2), plus crystals of sanidine, ilmenite, biotite, amphibole, clinopyroxene, zircon, sphene and apatite. This composition and other volcanological data suggest a correlation to the Cantal stratovolcano, 150 km distant, better than to the nearer (50 km) Mézenc area. The 7.54 ± 0.06 Ma (± 2 σ) isochron defined by eight 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion analyses of sanidine gives a precise age for the beginning of the fossiliferous sequence, known for its rich flora and fauna. Moreover, unspiked K-Ar ages determined from three basaltic lava flows that pre- and post-date the lacustrine sedimentation are 7.37 ± 0.06, 7.17 ± 0.06 and 7.13 ± 0.06 Ma (± 2σ), thereby bracketing the sequence to a 400 kyr period between ca. 7.5 and 7.1 Ma. These are the first radioisotopic constraints for the lower part of the Turolian continental stage. They imply an age about 20 % younger for the fauna than proposed by previous biostratigraphic correlation. This new chronology is consistent with correlation of the lower limit of the Turolian to the Tortonian-Messinian boundary (7.30 ± 0.15 Ma) of the global marine stages

Finite Element Technology

IASS-IACM 2008 Session: Finite Element Technology -- "On the propagation of pyrotechnical shocks into complex structures, taking medium frequencies into account" by Pierre LADEVEZE, Guillaume BEZIER, Herve RIOU, Hugo LECLERC (ENS Cahcan) -- "Non-intrusive coupled global/local analysis of localized plasticity problems" by Lionel GENDRE, Olivier ALLIX, Pierre GOSSELET (ENS Cachan), Francois COMTE (Snecma Villaroche) -- "Re-triangulation of existing surface meshes with high curvatures" by Antonio Carlos MIRANDA, Luiz Fernando MARTHA (PUC-Rio), Paul WAWRZYNEK, Anthony INGRAFFEA (Cornell University) -- "Mapping functions in the eight node elastodynamic infinite element with union shape function (EIEUSF)" by Konstantin Savkov KAZAKOV (VSU "Luben Karavelov"

Pasteurella multocida experimental infection 1): resistance and hematological response

International audiencePasteurellosis is the first cause of female mortality in rabbit farms. During the RELAPA project (Genomics for the Genetic Resistance of Rabbits to Pasteurellosis), 953 rabbits were inoculated at 6 weeks of age with a pyogenic strain of Pasteurella multocida (Pm) and were monitored during 14 days. Disease response was very variable among animals, with 7% of resistant animals and 11% of highly susceptible rabbits. Blood cell counts were performed at day 14 after inoculation on 574 inoculated and 28 control rabbits. Significant differences in white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts were observed according to the disease resistance score. Susceptible rabbits have a lower red blood cell count, probably due to the hemolytic and hemorrhagic activity of Pm. They also have a higher percentage of monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils (mainly involved in the innate immune system and inflammatory responses) and, conversely, a lower percentage of lymphocytes (mainly involved in the adaptive immune response) compared to highly resistant and control rabbits. They do not seem able to mount an effective immune response to control the infection

Pasteurella multocida experimental infection (2): genetic parameters

International audienceIn this study, we experimentally infected 953 crossbred rabbits from 6 sire lines with Pasteurella multocida, and diagnosed their response to Pasteurellosis. We recorded abscess and bacterial dissemination, growth before and after inoculation, and performed blood cell counts 14 days post inoculation. The heritabilities were low to moderate for all traits, except for the eosinophils percentage, which does not seem to be heritable. There were positive genetic correlations between the Resistance score and the red blood cell count, the hematocrit, hemoglobin and lymphocyte percentages. On the opposite, there were negative genetic correlations between the Resistance score and the platelets, the white blood cells, the neutrophil and monocytes percentages. Among the hematological traits, lymphocyte percentage could be a potential selection criterion to breed for Pasteurellosis resistance. Its heritability was relatively high (0.24 ± 0.09) compared to the other traits and its correlation with the Resistance score was also high (0.83). This is the first analyses of the genetic parameters of hematological traits in experimentally infected rabbits