Root transcriptional responses of two melongenotypes with contrasting resistance toMonosporascus cannonballus (Pollack et Uecker)infection

Background: Monosporascus cannonballus is the main causal agent of melon vine decline disease. Several studies have been carried out mainly focused on the study of the penetration of this pathogen into melon roots, the evaluation of symptoms severity on infected roots, and screening assays for breeding programs. However, a detailed molecular view on the early interaction between M. cannonballus and melon roots in either susceptible or resistant genotypes is lacking. In the present study, we used a melon oligo-based microarray to investigate the gene expression responses of two melon genotypes, Cucumis melo ¿Piel de sapo¿ (¿PS¿) and C. melo ¿Pat 81¿, with contrasting resistance to the disease. This study was carried out at 1 and 3 days after infection (DPI) by M. cannonballus. Results: Our results indicate a dissimilar behavior of the susceptible vs. the resistant genotypes from 1 to 3 DPI. ¿PS¿ responded with a more rapid infection response than ¿Pat 81¿ at 1 DPI. At 3 DPI the total number of differentially expressed genes identified in ¿PS¿ declined from 451 to 359, while the total number of differentially expressed transcripts in ¿Pat 81¿ increased from 187 to 849. Several deregulated transcripts coded for components of Ca2+ and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways, as well as for other proteins related to defence mechanisms. Transcriptional differences in the activation of the JA-mediated response in ¿Pat 81¿ compared to ¿PS¿ suggested that JA response might be partially responsible for their observed differences in resistance. Conclusions: As a result of this study we have identified for the first time a set of candidate genes involved in the root response to the infection of the pathogen causing melon vine decline. This information is useful for understanding the disease progression and resistance mechanisms few days after inoculation.Roig Montaner, MC.; Fita, A.; Rios, G.; Hammond, JP.; Nuez Viñals, F.; Picó Sirvent, MB. (2012). 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MBW complexes impinge on anthocyanidin reductase gene regulation for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in persimmon fruit

[EN] MBW protein complexes containing MYB, bHLH and WD40 repeat factors are known transcriptional regulators of secondary metabolites production such as proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins, and developmental processes such as trichome formation in many plant species. DkMYB2 and DkMYB4 (MYB-type), DkMYC1 (bHLH-type) and DkWDR1 (WD40-type) factors have been proposed by different authors to take part of persimmon MBW complexes for proanthocyanidin accumulation in immature fruit, leading to its characteristic astringent flavour with important agronomical and ecological effects. We have confirmed the nuclear localization of these proteins and their mutual physical interaction by bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis. In addition, transient expression of DkMYB2, DkMYB4 and DkMYC1 cooperatively increase the expression of a persimmon anthocyanidin reductase gene (ANR), involved in the biosynthesis of cis-flavan-3-ols, the structural units of proanthocyanidin compounds. Collectively, these data support the presence of MBW complexes in persimmon fruit and suggest their coordinated participation in ANR regulation for proanthocyanidin production.This work was funded by the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)-FEDER (grant no. RF2013-00043-C02-02 and RTA2017-00011-C03-01). FG-M was funded by a fellowship co-financed by the Generalitat Valenciana and European Social Fund (2014 2020) (grant no. ACIF/2016/115).Gil Muñoz, F.; Sanchez Navarro, JA.; Besada Ferreiro, CM.; Salvador Perez, AA.; Badenes Catala, M.; Naval Merino, MDM.; Rios Garcia, G. (2020). MBW complexes impinge on anthocyanidin reductase gene regulation for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in persimmon fruit. Scientific Reports. 10:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60635-wS11110Dixon, R. A., Xie, D.-Y. & Sharma, S. B. Proanthocyanidins–a final frontier in flavonoid research? New Phytol. 165, 9–28 (2005).Yonemori, K. & Matsushima, J. 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Regulatory circuits involving bud dormancy factor PpeDAM6

DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM) genes have recently emerged as key potential regulators of the dormancy cycle and climate adaptation in perennial species. Particularly, PpeDAM6 has been proposed to act as a major repressor of bud dormancy release and bud break in peach (Prunus persica). PpeDAM6 expression is downregulated concomitantly with the perception of a given genotype-dependent accumulation of winter chilling time, and the coincident enrichment in H3K27me3 chromatin modification at a specific genomic region. We have identified three peach BASIC PENTACYSTEINE PROTEINs (PpeBPCs) interacting with two GA-repeat motifs present in this H3K27me3- enriched region. Moreover, PpeBPC1 represses PpeDAM6 promoter activity by transient expression experiments. On the other hand, the heterologous overexpression of PpeDAM6 in European plum (Prunus domestica) alters plant vegetative growth, resulting in dwarf plants tending toward shoot meristem collapse. These alterations in vegetative growth of transgenic lines associate with impaired hormone homeostasis due to the modulation of genes involved in jasmonic acid, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin pathways, and the downregulation of shoot meristem factors, specifically in transgenic leaf and apical tissues. The expression of many of these genes is also modified in flower buds of peach concomitantly with PpeDAM6 downregulation, which suggests a role of hormone homeostasis mechanisms in PpeDAM6-dependent maintenance of floral bud dormancy and growth repression

Rotating 5D-Kaluza-Klein Space-Times from Invariant Transformations

Using invariant transformations of the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein (KK) field equations, we find a series of formulae to derive axial symmetric stationary exact solutions of the KK theory starting from static ones. The procedure presented in this work allows to derive new exact solutions up to very simple integrations. Among other results, we find exact rotating solutions containing magnetic monopoles, dipoles, quadripoles, etc., coupled to scalar and to gravitational multipole fields.Comment: 24 pages, latex, no figures. To appear in Gen. Rel. Grav., 32, (2000), in pres

Quantitative trait loci affecting reproductive phenology in peach

Background: The reproductive phenology of perennial plants in temperate climates is largely conditioned by the duration of bud dormancy, and fruit developmental processes. Bud dormancy release and bud break depends on the perception of cumulative chilling and heat during the bud development. The objective of this work was to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to temperature requirements for bud dormancy release and flowering and to fruit harvest date, in a segregating population of peach. Results: We have identified QTLs for nine traits related to bud dormancy, flowering and fruit harvest in an intraspecific hybrid population of peach in two locations differing in chilling time accumulation. QTLs were located in a genetic linkage map of peach based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for eight linkage groups (LGs) of the peach genome sequence. QTLs for chilling requirements for dormancy release and blooming clustered in seven different genomic regions that partially coincided with loci identified in previous works. The most significant QTL for chilling requirements mapped to LG1, close to the evergrowing locus. QTLs for heat requirement related traits were distributed in nine genomic regions, four of them co-localizing with QTLs for chilling requirement trait. Two major loci in LG4 and LG6 determined fruit harvest time. Conclusions: We identified QTLs associated to nine traits related to the reproductive phenology in peach. A search of candidate genes for these QTLs rendered different genes related to flowering regulation, chromatin modification and hormone signalling. A better understanding of the genetic factors affecting crop phenology might help scientists and breeders to predict changes in genotype performance in a context of global climate change.We thank Matilde Gonzalez for technical assistance. 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Hitos Demográficos del Siglo XXI: Migración Internacional

La migración ha sido una constante en la historia mundial. Sin embargo, las migraciones que han tenido lugar desde principios del siglo XXI no tienen precedentes, ya que recientemente éstas han alcanzado su mayor volumen en la historia y presentan características que las diferencian de las observadas en periodos anteriores, lo que ha propiciado una nueva conceptualización del fenómeno, enmarcada en lo que algunos estudiosos llaman “la nueva era” de las migraciones internacionales (Arango, 2003, mencionado por Fernández, 2005). Este nuevo ciclo se caracteriza por una profusa re-configuración del mapa migratorio mundial, el cual parece dar cuenta hoy, de una auténtica mundialización migratoria, con una fuerte tendencia a la diversificación de rutas y conexiones origen-destino. El nuevo mapa es el correlato de un escenario de globalización económica, cultural e informacional, que estimula que segmentos amplios de la población respondan cada vez más rápidamente a informaciones y oportunidades que se originan más allá de las fronteras nacionales (CONAPO, 2009). De esta forma la nueva era de la globalización, se ha convertido en un asunto de especial trascendencia. Por un lado, la mejora y expansión de los sistemas de comunicación y transporte y la significativa reducción del tiempo y coste de desplazamiento, así como las disparidades económicas y la existencia de situaciones sociales y políticas extremas han propiciado el crecimiento de los movimientos transnacionales de personas y la intensificación de las presiones migratorias. En este sentido, España nunca ha sido ajena al fenómeno de las corrientes migratorias. Así por ejemplo, en los últimos años y durante la primera mitad del siglo XX y parte de la segunda, grandes contingentes de españoles emigraron hacia diferentes puntos de América Latina y Europa en busca de un empleo y mejor calidad de vida. Pero fue a finales del siglo pasado cuando España, impulsada por el acelerado ritmo de crecimiento económico adoptado en parte gracias a su integración económica en Europa, pasó de ser una economía emisora de emigrantes a una receptora de inmigrantes. Sin embargo, el fenómeno de la inmigración en España cobró verdadera importancia hasta principios del siglo XXI, cuando las fuertes oleadas masivas de personas provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo se dejaron sentir en su estructura poblacional y actividad laboral; de ésta manera, durante el primer quinquenio de este siglo si al 1 de enero del año 2000 los residentes extranjeros en España eran 0.9 millones (que representaban 2.3 por ciento de las personas empadronadas) al 1 de enero de 2005 ya eran 3.7 millones, es decir, 8.5 por ciento de la población residente en el país, habiéndose por tanto cuadriplicado el efectivo de extranjeros en tan sólo cinco años (González, 2006: 2-3; Gil, 2007: 1). Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar las características de los flujos de inmigración actuales en España procedentes de países latinoamericanos, enmarcados en la nueva re-configuración del mapa migratorio mundial