Citas y referencias bibliográficas en publicaciones de salud = Citations and references in health publications

Resumen: Los artículos de ciencia, medicina y nutrición son una constante en los medios de comunicación. Los medios de comunicación constituyen la principal fuente de información sobre nutrición y salud para la población  general y también es una fuente de información para educadores y sanitarios. Aunque  los consumidores están siendo bombardeados con información sobre nutrición a través de diferentes fuentes, consideran que la información que proviene de personal sanitario es muy valiosa. El papel de los periodistas de salud no es fácil, debe estar regido por la responsabilidad y la ética, y seguir unas reglas básicas en cuanto al lenguaje, conflictos de interés,  situar la información en el contexto adecuado.  Desde el punto de vista de salud pública, los medios tienen la oportunidad de llegar al gran público y se ha demostrado su eficacia para la prevención de la enfermedad, contribuyendo a la educación nutricional y generando un beneficio para la sociedad. Palabras clave: medios de comunicación, nutrición, educación nutricional,  internet, redes socialesAbstract: Science, medicine and nutrition articles are constant in media. Media represents the main information source on nutrition and health to the general population and is also an information source to educators and health professionals. Although consumers are being bombarded by nutrition information through different sources, they consider that the information offered by health professionals is very valuable. The role health journalists play is not easy, must be regulated by responsibility and ethics, and must follow some basic rules in terms of language, conflicts of interests, placing the information in the appropriate context. From the public health perspective, media has the opportunity to reach the general public and its efficacy has been demonstrated in disease prevention, contributing to nutritional education and providing a benefit to the society. Key words: media, nutrition, nutritional education, internet, social media doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/recs.2016.313

Characterization of a Strain of Fukuyoa paulensis (Dinophyceae) from the Western Mediterranean Sea

17 páginas, 8 figuras, 4 tablasA single cell of the dinoflagellate genus Fukuyoa was isolated from the island of Formentera (Balearic Islands, west Mediterranean Sea), cultured, and characterized by morphological and molecular methods and toxin analyses. This is the first report of the Gambierdiscus lineage (genera Fukuyoa and Gambierdiscus) from the western Mediterranean Sea, which is cooler than its eastern basin. Molecular analyses revealed that the Mediterranean strain belongs to F. paulensis and that it bears LSU rDNA sequences identical to New Zealand, Australian, and Brazilian strains. It also shared an identical sequence of the more variable ITS-rDNA with the Brazilian strain. Toxin analyses showed the presence of maitotoxin, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and gambieric acid A. This is the first observation of the two latter compounds in a Fukuyoa strain. Therefore, both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa should be considered when as contributing to ciguatera fish poisoning. Different strains of Fukuyoa form a complex of morphologically cryptic lineages where F. paulensis stands as the most distantly related nominal species. The comparison of the ITS2 secondary structures revealed the absence of CBCs among strains. The study of the morphological and molecular traits depicted an unresolved taxonomic scenario impacted by the low strains samplingFinancial support for this research was provided by the Basque Government (project IT699-13). A grant from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) to H. David also supported this studyPeer reviewe

First Report of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Invertebrates and Fish in Spain

A paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episode developed in summer 2018 in the Rías Baixas (Galicia, NW Spain). The outbreak was associated with an unprecedentedly intense and long-lasting harmful algal bloom (HAB) (~one month) caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analyzed in extracts of 45 A. minutum strains isolated from the bloom by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-PCOX-FLD). PSTs were also evaluated in tissues from marine fauna (invertebrates and fish) collected during the episode and in dolphin samples. The analysis of 45 A. minutum strains revealed a toxic profile including GTX1, GTX2, GTX3 and GTX4 toxins. With regard to the marine fauna samples, the highest PSTs levels were quantified in bivalve mollusks, but the toxins were also found in mullets, mackerels, starfish, squids and ascidians. This study reveals the potential accumulation of PSTs in marine invertebrates other than shellfish that could act as vectors in the trophic chain or pose a risk for human consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PSTs are reported in ascidians and starfish from Spain. Moreover, it is the first time that evidence of PSTs in squids is described in Europe.En prens

Toxicity characterisation of Gambierdiscus species from the Canary Islands

In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Paretic syndrome in gulls from southern Portugal: searching for the causative agent

Between 2010 and 2019, 2.432 gulls (Larus michahellis and Larus fuscus) with paretic syndrome were received at RIAS Wildlife Rehabilitation and Research Centre. The clinical signs included weakness, anorexia, paralysis, diarrhoea (flaccid cloacae), dyspnoea and, in some cases, death. Several biotic contaminants are among the potential cause of this syndrome: marine biotoxins, Clostridium botulinum, cyanotoxins and virus. This presentation compiles the results of the Clostridium botulinum and marine biotoxins analysis conducted at the French National Reference Centre for anaerobic bacteria and botulism, Pasteur Institute (Paris) and the Vigo Centre of the Spanish Oceanographic Institute, respectively. C. botulinum analyses were conducted in livers and intestines from 5 gulls with paretic syndrome symptoms admitted at RIAS Wildlife Rehabilitation and Research Centre. Samples were pooled in two groups according to the tissue and analysed by targeted Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on neurotoxin genes after sample enrichment culture under anaerobic conditions. The presence of botulinum toxin was confirmed by a lethality test on mice (mouse bioassay). Mice were intraperitoneally injected with filtered supernatant of the culture. Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were analysed by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection and Post-column Oxidation in samples from ten gull kidneys and in the cloacae contents from another gull. Domoic acid (DA) analysis was conducted following a procedure that involved a methanolic extraction and analysis by Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. DA was analysed in twenty three gull samples: ten livers, ten intestines and three cloacae contents. PSTs and DA were not detected in any of the samples tested. Results obtained so far point to C. botulimum type C/D as the causative agent of the paretic syndrome in gulls

First record of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum borbonicum in the continental coast of Colombian Caribbean: A new 42 hydroxi-palytoxin producer

The dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum includes several harmful toxigenic species, predominantly benthic ones. In the past, fast-acting toxicity in mice has been observed in extracts of the epibenthic species P. borbonicum, with the finding of two compounds termed as borbotoxins-A and -B. The presence of palytoxin-like compounds was also suggested from electrophysiological experiments. In the present study, a strain of P. borbonicum was isolated in the continental coast of Colombian Caribbean, in seagrass beds of Thalassia testudinum in Bonito Gordo, Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT). The morphological and molecular characteristics were consistent with the original and former descriptions for this species. Typical haemolytic activity due to palytoxin was confirmed in P. borbonicum extracts in presence of ouabain, the toxin contents being estimated as 1.9 pg palytoxin equivalents cell-1. HPLC-HRMS analyses of these extracts unambiguously identified the presence of borbotoxins and 42-hidroxy-palytoxin (42-OH-PLTX). This is the first report of palytoxin-like compounds in another dinoflagellate genus than Ostreopsis and the first record of P. borbonicum in Colombia and the Caribbean region.En prens

Variabilidad de vibrios planctónicos y epifíticos en un ambiente costero afectado por proliferaciones de Ostreopsis

Vibrios include several pathogenic bacteria that occur in aquatic environments. The presence of Vibrio has been assessed in many ecosystems by culture-based techniques. However, little is known on the contribution of Vibrios in the sea, especially in areas subject to harmful algal blooms. A preliminary study in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres beach (NW Mediterranean) showed the presence of some Vibrio species during a recurrent bloom of the harmful benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. In order to establish the importance of Vibrios in a coastal area of the NW Mediterranean and to study the association with the dinoflagellate, we conducted a sampling monitoring for one year to quantify the concentration of Vibrios both in the water (free-living and attached to particles) and in the epiphytic community of macroalgae. The aims were 1) to evaluate the relative abundance of Vibrio in the epiphytic and in the planktonic bacterial community, 2) to assess the percentage of free-living and attached Vibrios in the planktonic community, and 3) to determine whether the presence of Vibrios is associated with the blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis or with other environmental parameters. For this purpose, a CARD-FISH molecular probe was applied for the specific detection of bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio. Cells were quantified and the abundance of both particles and bacteria attached to particles were assessed. The maximum Vibrio concentration (1.3x104 cells ml–1 and 1.4x106 cells g–1 FW, for planktonic and epiphytic samples, respectively) was detected in September. Free-living Vibrios contributed 0.38±0.24% to the total free-living planktonic community and 1.12±0.28% to the epiphytic bacterial community. However, their contribution was particularly high in the planktonic community attached to particles (17.37±20.49%). Although in the planktonic community Vibrio was found preferentially free-living (82.63±20.01%), particles are a niche for Vibrios, since in particles Vibrios may represent up to 72% of the total attached bacterial community. Abundance of planktonic Vibrio was correlated with Ostreopsis concentration and it is likely that they play a role in the wound infections suffered by beach users during the bloom.El género Vibrio incluye a varias bacterias patogénicas que se encuentran en ecosistemas acuáticos. La presencia de Vibrio se ha estimado en muchos ecosistemas mediante técnicas basadas en cultivos. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre la contribución de Vibrios en el mar, especialmente en áreas afectadas por proliferaciones algales nocivas. Un estudio preliminar en la playa de Sant Andreu de Llavaneres (Mediterráneo NO) mostró la presencia de algunas especies de Vibrio durante una proliferación recurrente del dinoflagelado béntico nocivo Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Para poder establecer la relevancia de los Vibrios en un área costera del Mediterráneo NO y estudiar su asociación con el dinoflagelado, realizamos un muestreo de monitoreo durante un año para cuantificar la concentración de Vibrios tanto en el agua (de vida libre y adheridos a partículas) y en la comunidad epifítica de macroalgas con los objetivos de 1) evaluar la abundancia relativa de Vibrio en la comunidad bacteriana tanto planctónica como epifítica, 2) estimar el porcentaje de Vibrios de vida libre y adheridos a partículas en la comunidad bacteriana planctónica y 3) determinar si la presencia de Vibrios está relacionada con las proliferaciones del dinoflagelado Ostreopsis o con otros parámetros ambientales. Para este propósito, se aplicó una sonda molecular de CARD-FISH para la detección específica de bacterias pertenecientes al género Vibrio. Se cuantificaron las células y también la abundancia de partículas y de las bacterias adheridas a estas partículas. La máxima concentración de Vibrio (1.3x104 cels ml–1 y 1.4x106 cels g–1 PF, para muestras planctónicas y epifíticas, respectivamente) fue detectada en Septiembre. Los Vibrios de vida libre contribuyeron un 0.38±0.24% al total de la comunidad bacteriana de vida libre y un 1.12±0.28% a la comunidad bacteriana epifítica. Sin embargo, su contribución fue especialmente elevada en la comunidad bacteriana adherida a partículas (17.37±20.49%). Aunque en la comunidad planctónica Vibrio se encontraba preferentemente no adheridos a partículas (82.63±20.01%), las partículas constituyen un nicho para Vibrios, ya que pueden llegar a representar hasta un 72% de la comunidad bacteriana adherida a partículas. La abundancia de Vibrio en el plancton se correlacionó con la concentración de Ostreopsis, y es posible que éstos jueguen un papel en las infecciones de heridas que sufren los bañistas durante las proliferaciones algales

A Kinetic and Factorial Approach to Study the Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Toxin Production by the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

19 páginas, 6 tablas, 4 figuras.-- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedAlexandrium ostenfeldii is present in a wide variety of environments in coastal areas worldwide and is the only dinoflagellate known species that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and two types of cyclic imines, spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). The increasing frequency of A. ostenfeldii blooms in the Baltic Sea has been attributed to the warming water in this region. To learn more about the optimal environmental conditions favoring the proliferation of A. ostenfeldii and its complex toxicity, the effects of temperature and salinity on the kinetics of both the growth and the net toxin production of this species were examined using a factorial design and a response-surface analysis (RSA). The results showed that the growth of Baltic A. ostenfeldii occurs over a wide range of temperatures and salinities (12.5–25.5°C and 5–21, respectively), with optimal growth conditions achieved at a temperature of 25.5°C and a salinity of 11.2. Together with the finding that a salinity > 21 was the only growth-limiting factor detected for this strain, this study provides important insights into the autecology and population distribution of this species in the Baltic Sea. The presence of PSP toxins, including gonyautoxin (GTX)-3, GTX-2, and saxitoxin (STX), and GYMs (GYM-A and GYM-B/-C analogues) was detected under all temperature and salinity conditions tested and in the majority of the cases was concomitant with both the exponential growth and stationary phases of the dinoflagellate’s growth cycle. Toxin concentrations were maximal at temperatures and salinities of 20.9°C and 17 for the GYM-A analogue and > 19°C and 15 for PSP toxins, respectively. The ecological implications of the optimal conditions for growth and toxin production of A. ostenfeldii in the Baltic Sea are discussedThis work is a contribution of the Unidad Asociada "Microalgas Nocivas" (CSIC-IEO) and was financially supported by the CCVIEO project and CICAN-2013-40671-R (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). P. Salgado is a researcher at IFOP, which has provided financial support for his doctoral stayPeer reviewe

Morphological, phylogenetic and toxinological characterization of potentially harmful algal species from the marine coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina)

In the framework of a monitoring program of harmful microalgae from the marine coastal waters of the Buenos Aires Province, seven strains were isolated and characterized by morphological and molecular analysis (LSU rDNA partial sequencing, D1?D3 regions). Established strains belonged to Alexandrium catenella, Protoceratium reticulatum and Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. The toxinological profile of the target strains were determined by UHPLC-FLD equipment for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and LC-MS/MS for lipophilic (LSTs) and amnesic toxins (ASTs). The toxin profile varied in the four strains of A. catenella, the predominant compounds were gonyautoxins (GTXs) GTX2,3 and GTX1,4 for strains LPCc001 and LPCc004, and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins (Cs) C1,2 and GTX1,4 for strains LPCc002 and LPCc008. The obtained cellular toxicity values were moderate-to-high (12.38?46.40 pg saxitoxin equiv. cell−1). The toxin profile of P. reticulatum was dominated by yessotoxins (YTXs) (up to 94.40 pg cell−1) accompanied by homo-yessotoxin (Homo-YTX) traces. In P. multiseries, the toxin profiles were dominated by domoic acid (DA) (1.62 pg cell−1 and 1.09 pg cell−1) and secondarily by Isomer A (Iso-A), Epi-domoic acid (Epi-DA), Isomer-E (Iso-E) and Isomer-D (Iso-D). This study provides detailed information about representative HAB species in the area, useful for resource management, risk evaluation and related research on toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms.Fil: Tardivo Kubis, Jonás Adrián. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Francisco. Instituto de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo; EspañaFil: Rossignoli, Araceli E.. Centro de Investigaciones Mariñas; EspañaFil: Riobó, Pilar. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas.; EspañaFil: Sar, Eugenia Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; ArgentinaFil: Sunesen, Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; Argentin

Differences in the toxin profiles of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) strains isolated from different geographical origins: evidence of paralytic toxin, spirolide and gymnodimine

Among toxin-producing dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium, Alexandrium ostenfeldii is the only species able to produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). In this study we characterized and compared three A. ostenfeldii strains isolated from the Baltic, Mediterranean, and southern Chile Seas with respect to their toxin profiles, morphology, and phylogeny. Toxin analyses by HPLCeFD and LCeHRMS revealed differences in the toxin profiles of the three strains. The PSP toxin profiles of the southern Chile and Baltic strains were largely the same and included gonyautoxin (GTX)-3, GTX-2, and saxitoxin (STX), although the total PSP toxin content of the Chilean strain (105.83 ± 72.15 pg cell 1) was much higher than that of the Baltic strain (4.04 ± 1.93 pg cell 1). However, the Baltic strain was the only strain that expressed detectable amounts of analogues of GYM-A and GYM-B/-C (48.27 ± 26.12 pg GYM-A equivalents cell 1). The only toxin expressed by the Mediterranean strain was 13-desmethyl SPX-C (13dMeC; 2.85 ± 4.76 pg cell 1). Phylogenetic analysis based on the LSU rRNA showed that the studied strains belonged to distinct molecular clades. The toxin profiles determined in this study provide further evidence of the taxonomic complexity of this species.Preprin