Salud mental en adolescentes desplazados por el conflicto armado: hallazgos de la encuesta nacional colombiana de salud mental

Background: Colombia has one of the largest populations of internally displaced individuals by an armed confict. However, there is no data demonstrating its efect on health, particularly in adolescents. Purpose: To describe the prevalence and associations of mental illness in the adolescent population displaced by violence in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2015 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), which provides data of mental health issues (SRQ), mental health disorders (CIDI-CAPI) and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Of the 1754 adolescents interviewed 5.3% (95% CI 4.1 to 6.9) mentioned a change in residence due to violence. Among them 38.5% lived in poverty compared to 23.6% of those non-displaced by the confict. Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempt were present in 19.8% and 9.1% of displaced adolescents respectively, compared to 5.8% and 2.1% of non-displaced adolescents. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and any mental health disorder (measured with the CIDI-CAPI) was higher in the displaced population 12.3%, 11% respectively, in contrast to 2.1% and 7% of those non-displaced. Finally, anxiety and depressive disorders were more common among displaced adolescents. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of mental health conditions and disorders is observed among displaced adolescents

A Cross-sectional Study of School dropout in adolescents : National Mental Health Survey Colombia 2015

Introducción La deserción escolar de los adolescentes puede tener consecuencias negativas no solo para el individuo y su núcleo familiar, sino también para la sociedad. Identificar características relacionadas con la ocurrencia de este evento puede contribuir a la planeación de estrategias de prevención. Objetivos Evaluar la relación entre características individuales y del hogar y la deserción escolar de adolescentes de 12−17 años en Colombia. Métodos Este es un estudio transversal, la información se extrajo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental de 2015, y se estudió la relación entre características individuales y del hogar y la deserción escolar de adolescentes de 12−17 años. Resultados Se observó un mayor porcentaje de adolecentes no escolarizados en los grupos de más edad, de sexo femenino o que han tenido hijos. Entre las características del hogar se identificó que los hogares con 2 personas, de zona rural o en estado de pobreza presentan un mayor porcentaje de adolescentes no escolarizados. Conclusiones Las estrategias cuyo objetivo sea prevenir la deserción escolar deben considerar a las poblaciones con mayores porcentajes de adolescentes no escolarizados (mujeres, hogares de zona rural y hogares en estado de pobreza). Acciones de prevención del embarazo adolescente pueden contribuir a evitar la deserción.Q4105-112Introduction School dropout in adolescents can have negative consequences, not only for the individual and the family, but also for the society. To identify the characteristics associated with the occurrence of this event might contribute to the planning of a prevention strategy. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old in Colombia. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from information taken from the results obtained in the 2015 National Mental Health Survey. A study was made of the relationship between the individual and home characteristics and school dropout in adolescents from 12 to 17 years old Results A higher percentage of school dropouts was found in the older adolescents, females, and those who have children. Among the home characteristics, it was observed that those homes with more than two people, located in rural area, or that are classified as poor, have an increased percentage of school dropout adolescents. Conclusions Strategies for which the main goal is to prevent school dropout should consider populations with higher prevalence of out-of-school adolescents (female, homes in rural area, or household poverty). Preventive actions of adolescent pregnancy might contribute to reduce the school dropout rate

Mental Health, Emotional Suffering, Mental Problems and Disorders in Indigenous Colombians. Data From the National Mental Health Survey 2015

Introducción Los indígenas son el 5% de la población mundial y un tercio de la población pobre del mundo. Se han observado tasas de alcoholismo, abuso de sustancias, problemas y trastornos mentales más altos que en la población general. Métodos Análisis de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. En esta se preguntó el autorreconocimiento como indígena de acuerdo con la cultura, el pueblo o los rasgos físicos. Resultados Se encuestó a 902 indígenas, que corresponden al 8,3% de la población adulta encuestada, localizados mayoritariamente en el Pacífico (39,5%), la Región Atlántica (23,7%) y Oriental (20%). Reporta estado de pobreza el 26,6%, solo el 31,7% habla la lengua de su pueblo y el 17,8% informa desplazamiento por la violencia. El 42,9% define salud mental como «tener buena salud física, comer, dormir, descansar». Respecto a problemas y trastornos mentales, un 8% reporta consumo excesivo de alcohol y el 7,9%, consumo de riesgo. Respecto a posible psicopatología general medida con el SRQ, se presentan síntomas en el 8,1% de la población abordada; las prevalencias de vida de los trastornos mentales ansiosos y depresivos alcanzaron el 6,7% de las mujeres y el 8,4% de los varones, y los factores asociados que muestran mayor riesgo son la edad de 18–44 años, no hablar la lengua de su pueblo, vivir en Bogotá, en área urbana, y consumir sustancias psicoactivas y cigarrillo. Conclusiones Las personas que se reconocen como indígenas presentan altas tasas de desplazamiento por violencia y reportan problemas y trastornos mentales frecuentes que se asocian con factores compatibles con pérdida de rasgos culturales propios.Q4119-126indígenas colombianosBackground Indigenous people represent 5% of the world population and one-third of the poor ones. Alcoholism rates, substance abuse problems, and mental disorders are shown to be higher than the general population. Methods An analysis was made of the data from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. In this survey, it was asked if self-recognition as a native was according to the culture, the people, or physical features. Results A total of 902 indigenous people were surveyed, corresponding to 8.3% of the surveyed adult population. The majority (39.5%) lived in the Pacific region, with 23.7% Atlantic region, and 20% in the Eastern region. More than one-quarter (26.6%) reported a status of poverty, 31.7% spoke the language of their people, and 17.8% reported displacement due to violence. Mental health was defined as, “having good physical health, to eat, sleep and rest, by 42.9%. As regards problems and mental disorders, 8% reported excessive consumption and 7.9% a risk consumption of alcohol. As regards general psychopathology, measured by the (Self-reporting questionnaire) SRQ, 8.1% of the population had symptoms. The life prevalences of anxiety and depressive mental disorders were reported by 6.7% women and 8.4% men, and the associated risk factors that show higher risk were: aged between 18 to 44 years, not speaking the language of their people, living in Bogota, living in urban areas, and consuming psychoactive substances and tobacco. Conclusions People who recognised themselves as indigenous have higher rates of displacement by violence, report problems and common mental disorders that are associated with factors consistent with loss of cultural characteristics

O uso dos jogos virtuais de simulação no ensino-aprendizagem da contabilidade: revisão da literatura

Different professional educational careers —empirically dominant— are using simulation software to improve the hands-on-theoretical learning exercise of educational laboratories and experimental courses, under constructivist models to encourage active student participation. Research in different areas shows that simulators improve students’ educational processes and promote an interactive and playful space motivating learning. This research proposes to develop a review of literature to describe the maturity status of experiences in the application of accounting simulators in vocational education. The results found, show that the simulator application in accounting is in an emerging process. The research articles found on the application of simulation software strategies in accounting education confirm these results.Las distintas carreras educativas profesionales —con dominancia empírica— están utilizando software de simulación para mejorar el ejercicio de aprendizaje práctico-teórico de los laboratorios educativos y de los cursos experimentales, bajo modelos constructivistas para incentivar la participación activa de los estudiantes. Las investigaciones en distintas áreas comprueban que los simuladores mejoran los procesos educativos de los estudiantes y promueven un espacio interactivo y lúdico, motivando el aprendizaje. Esta investigación propone elaborar una revisión de la literatura para describir el estado de madurez de las experiencias en la aplicación de simuladores contables en la educación profesional. Los resultados encontrados muestran que la aplicación de simuladores en la contabilidad se encuentra en un estado emergente. Los artículos de investigación encontrados sobre la aplicación de estrategias de software de simulación en la educación contable confirman estos resultados.Os diferentes cursos de educação profissional — com dominância empírica — estão utilizando software de simulação para melhorar o exercício da aprendizagem prático-teórica dos laboratórios educacionais e dos cursos experimentais, sob modelos construtivistas para incentivar a participação dos estudantes. As pesquisas em diferentes áreas comprovam que os simuladores melhoram os processos educacionais dos estudantes e promovem um espaço interativo e lúdico, motivando a aprendizagem. Nesta pesquisa, propõe-se elaborar uma revisão da literatura para descrever o estado de maturidade das experiências na aplicação de simuladores contábeis na educação  profissional. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação de simuladores na contabilidade se encontra em um estado emergente. Os artigos de pesquisa encontrados sobre a aplicação de estratégias de software de simulação no ensino contábil confirmam esses resultados

Linja: A Mobile Application Based on Minimax Strategy and Game Theory

This article presents an application of Minimax strategy and game theory to implement the Linja mobile game. This game theory strategy applies collaborative learning to determine the winner of a game between two opponents, thus determining the optimal move in complex environments. In the development of the collaborative game, different game learning scenarios are proposed where competition between a player and the machine, and competitions against other players, intervene. In the learning process, moves are proposed that allow the maximum gain and the minimum loss among the competitors. In this case, the methodological approach was carried out towards the move that allows maximizing the profit and minimizing the loss, based on the application of the Mini/Max algorithm in search of determining the optimal solution of the game. The process is obtained from the adaptation of mathematical models for the development of games, using specialized tools that support a multi-paradigm programming language working together with the tools that the same language provides and that potentially serve as a contribution to the development of the game. In the search for an intelligent and autonomous system. The intelligent system correctly finds the winner of a game, showing the course of the game move by move. The results show that the game developed with the Minimax strategy allows automatic learning in multiuser environments, correctly identifying the winner of a game, generating the most optimal route of the game from move to move

Discusión sobre el espacio didáctico del laboratorio contable en la educación superior

En el campo de la contabilidad, el laboratorio contable ha ganado relevancia como un espacio para desarrollar competencias prácticas e investigativas de los estudiantes, fundamentales para su desempeño profesional. Sin embargo, es importante reflexionar sobre la naturaleza y objetivos de este laboratorio, evitando que se convierta en una práctica técnica. Este artículo se enfoca en analizar el papel del laboratorio contable y examinar su sentido en la formación de profesionales contables, así como revisar críticamente prácticas equivocadas en su implementación.  El artículo adopta un enfoque interpretativo, conceptual y reflexivo, buscando evaluar el propósito y la esencia del laboratorio contable, y proporcionar elementos conceptuales para reevaluar y mejorar su enseñanza. Se abordan temas como las diferencias desde la educación basada en competencia entre el espacio educativo de la educación tecnológica y profesional en contabilidad. Los resultados muestran las diferencias existentes en los espacios educativos de los laboratorios y talleres contables

Violence due to Armed Conflict and Prevalence of Mood Disorders, Anxiety and Mental Problems in the Colombian Adult Population

Antecedentes La violencia en Colombia tiene una historia de más de 50 años. se calcula que entre 1985 y 2012 han fallecido 220.000 colombianos y cerca de 6.000.000 han sido desplazados por la violencia. Objetivo Describir y comparar las prevalencias de algunos problemas y trastornos mentales en la población adulta colombiana teniendo en cuenta las características del municipio respecto a su historia de violencia o conflicto armado. Métodos Se utilizaron los resultados de los adultos (mayores de 18 años) sobre algunos problemas y trastornos mentales de la ENSM de 2015, y se clasificaron los municipios según la presencia y la intensidad del conflicto utilizando la clasificación propuesta por la CERAC. Se realizó la medición de trastorno (con el CIDI-CAPI), problemas (con AUDIT, PCL modificado) y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados Se entrevistó a 10.870 personas, de las que 5.429 no habían cambiado de residencia. El 21,8% de los municipios sufrían conflicto permanente; el 65,5%, interrumpido, y solamente el 12,7% había sido pacificado o no tenía conflicto. La intensidad del conflicto se reportó alta en el 31,8%. Los municipios violentos presentaban prevalencias más altas de trastornos de ansiedad, depresivos, posible trastorno de estrés postraumático y consumo de cigarrillo. El consumo de alcohol era más frecuente en municipios con menor intensidad del conflicto. Conclusiones Los municipios clasificados como con altos niveles de violencia presentaban mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales y de la mayoría de los problemas mentales.Q4Artículo original147-153Background Violence in Colombia has a history of over 50 years. Between 1985 and 2012 an estimated of 220,000 Colombians have died and about 6,000,000 have been displaced by violence. Objective To describe and compare the prevalence of some problems and mental disorders in the adult population in Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the municipality, as regards its history of violence or armed conflict. Methods The results for adults (over 18 years) of some problems and mental disorders were taken from the ENSM-2015. The municipalities were classified according to the presence and intensity of the conflict using the classification proposed by the CERAC. Disorders were measured using CIDI-CAPI, and problems with AUDIT, modified PCL (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). An estimate was also made of psychoactive substances consumption. Results A total of 10,870 people were interviewed, of whom 5,429 had not changed residence. There was had permanent conflict in 21.8% of the municipalities, 65.5% had a discontinued conflict, and only 12.7% had been pacified or had no conflict. The intensity of the conflict was reported as high by 31.8% of the people. Violent municipalities have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, possible Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and smoking. Alcohol consumption was more common in municipalities with less intense conflict. Conclusions The municipalities classified as having high levels of violence have a higher prevalence of mental disorders and the majority of the mental problems

Mental Problems, Mood and Anxiety Disorders in The Population Displaced by Violence in Colombia, Results of The National Mental Health Survey 2015

Introducción Colombia tiene una gran población expuesta a la violencia, con una cifra importante de desplazados por esta, quienes se encuentran en mayor riesgo de vulnerabilidad, por lo que es necesario evaluar en ellos problemas y trastornos mentales para definir intervenciones específicas necesarias. Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia de problemas y trastornos mentales de la población colombiana desplazada por el conflicto armado interno. Métodos Datos emanados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. Se realizó la entrevista diagnóstica internacional compuesta (CIDI-CAPI) y el Cuestionario de Síntomas (SRQ) como indicador de posible enfermedad psiquiátrica; el consumo de alcohol se evaluó con el test de identificación de trastornos por consumo de alcohol (AUDIT); se diseñó una encuesta basada en la Prueba de Detección de Consumo de Alcohol, Tabaco y Sustancias (ASSIST); se modificó la Lista de Chequeo de Estrés Postraumático (PCL-C) para determinar posible estrés postraumático y se aplicó el Índice Multidimensional de Pobreza (IPM) y el APGAR familiar a los datos generales del individuo y del hogar. Resultados Se detectó a 943 personas desplazadas por la violencia. Se presenta SQR positivo en el 16,4% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 13,2%-20,1%); la prevalencia de cualquiera de los trastornos mentales medidos (CIDI-CAPI) alguna vez en la vida es del 15,9% (IC95%, 11,9%-21,1%); la de ideación suicida es del 12,5% (IC95%, 9,0%-17,1%); la de consumo de alcohol excesivo, del 10,1% (IC95%, 7,2%-13,9%); el 35,6% (IC95%, 30,7%-40,8%) de las personas reportan que han vivido o presenciado o les han contado que alguien cercano ha tenido un evento traumático relacionado con el conflicto armado; se reporta un mayor riesgo de estrés postraumático en personas desplazadas que han reportado por lo menos un evento traumático (3,6%; IC95%, 2,2%-5,9%); la disfunción familiar en desplazados es ausente (74,8%; IC95%, 70,4%-78,8%). Conclusiones La población desplazada tiene una alta prevalencia de problemas y trastornos mentales, lo que ratifica la situación de desventaja en que se encuentran.Q4Artículo original113-118Introduction Colombia has a large population exposed to violence. Our data suggest a significant number displaced by the conflict. As there is an increased risk of vulnerability, their problems and mental disorders need to be assessed in order to determine specific treatments. Objectives To determine the prevalence of problems and mental disorders in those internally displaced by the conflict. Methods Data was obtained from the National Mental Health Survey 2015. The diagnostic tools used were the composite international diagnosis interview (CIDI-CAPI), Self-reporting questionnaire (SQR). Alcohol consumption was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT). A survey based on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was developed. The modified Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was used to determine possible post-traumatic stress Disorder. Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) and Family-Apgar questionnaire were applied to general individual and household data. Results A total of 943 persons displaced by the conflict were reported, with self-report of symptoms in 16.4% (95% CI, 13.2-20.1). The prevalence of any of the measured mental disorders (CIDI-CAPI) ever in life was 15.9% (95% CI, 11.9-21.1), with a suicidal ideation of 12.5% (95%CI, 9.0-17.1), and excessive alcohol consumption in 10.1% (95% CI, 7.2-13.9). More than one-third (35.6%, (95% CI, 30.7-40.8) of people report having experienced, witnessed, or been told that someone close had had a traumatic event related to the armed conflict. An increased risk of PTSD is reported by 3.6% (95% CI, 2.2-5.9) displaced people that had reported at least one traumatic event. Family dysfunction in the displaced population is absent (74.8% (95%.CI, 70.4-78.8). Conclusions The displaced population has a high prevalence of problems and mental disorders, which confirms their disadvantaged situation

El aprendizaje servicio desde la base de la informática

Memoria ID-062 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021

Colectomy As a Treatment for Fulminant Pseudomembranous Colitis. Case Report And Literary Review

La colitis pseudomembranosa es un término descriptivo que se asocia a una infección colónica por Clostridioides difficile, es responsable de aproximadamente 25% de las diarreas asociadas a antibióticos con presentación de cuadros severos en su mayoría. Esta patología tiene el potencial de desarrollar complicaciones que ponen en peligro la vida como megacolon tóxico, íleo, perforación intestinal y sepsis. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 65 años, sin inmunización BCG, con antecedente de hipertensión arterial y osteoporosis en control médico, que acude al hospital por dolor lumbar crónico y progresivo. En la tomografía computarizada se identificó un absceso frío paravertebral derecho a nivel T9-T10 con destrucción ósea sin recuperación independientemente de terapia antibiótica intensiva (linezolid y levofloxacino). Finalmente se identificó infección tuberculosa, iniciándose terapia combinada antituberculosa que derivó en colitis pseudomembranosa. A los pocos días se desarrollaron características de megacolon tóxico, así como abdomen agudo con deterioro clínico abrupto. Se tomó tempranamente la decisión multidisciplinaria de realizar una colectomía total, frenando el deterioro general y resultando en una destacada mejoría clínica.Pseudomembranous colitis is a descriptive term associated with a colonic infection by Clostridioides difficile, it is responsible for approximately 25% of antibiotic related diarrhea and it is the cause of most of the severe diarrheas related to antibiotics. Pseudomembranous colitis can be life threatening, particularly when complications arise, like toxic megacolon, ileus, perforation, and sepsis. We present the case of a 65-year-old Mexican woman, with no prior BCG vaccine, with a history of high blood pressure and osteoporosis under medical control, presented to the hospital with complaints of progressive chronic lumbar pain. On a CT scan, a right paravertebral cold abscess was identified at the T9-T10 level with bone destruction without recovery regardless of intensive antibiotic therapy (linezolid and levofloxacin). Eventually, the identification of tuberculous infection was made, starting anti-TB combination therapy that led to pseudomembranous colitis. Within a few days features of toxic megacolon developed as well as acute abdomen with abrupt clinical decline. The multidisciplinary discission to perform a total colectomy was made early, stopping the overall decline and resulting in a prominent clinical improvement