Direct 2D spatial coherence determination using the Fourier analysis method Multi parameter characterization of the P04 beamline at PETRA III

We present a systematic 2D spatial-coherence analysis of the soft-X-ray beamline P04 at PETRA III for various beamline configurations. The influence of two different beam-defining apertures on the spatial coherence properties of the beam is discussed and optimal conditions for coherence-based experiments are found. A significant degradation of the spatial coherence in the vertical direction has been measured and sources of this degradation are identified and discussed. The Fourier-analysis method, which gives fast and simple access to the 2D spatial coherence function of the X-ray beam, is used for the experiment. Here, we exploit the charge scattering of a disordered nanodot sample allowing the use of arbitrary X-ray photon energies with this method

Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL

The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range

Hard X-ray USAXS Fourier Transform Holography

We report on a Fourier transform holography study, employing hard X-ray energies at a 3rd generation storage ring. Nano-structures of various sizes and shapes have been measured in ultra small angle x-ray scattering configuration reaching a resolution in the holographic reconstructions of about 50 nm. Reliable holograms have been obtained with 6.9×106 incident photons. Our results provide an important step forward towards routine split-pulse Fourier transform holography measurements at FEL sources and 4th generation ultralow-emittance sources.

Ultrafast Demagnetization by Extreme Ultraviolet Light

Free-electron lasers (FELs) enable the study of dynamics in matter on combined femtosecond time and nanometer length scales [1]. One of the most intriguing topics within contemporary research on magnetism, ultrafast near-infrared (IR) laser-induced demagnetization [2,3], has greatly benefited from the advent of FELs [4] as it was shown that optically generated superdiffusive spin currents [5] contribute to that phenomenon [6]. Following a previous campaign [7], here we report on the observation of a breakdown of the magnetic scattering cross section of Co/Pt multilayers for extreme ultraviolet (XUV) fluences >1 mJ/cm² defining the threshold fluence for FEL experiments where the FEL is meant to be a non-invasive probe. By employing a FEL double-pulse scheme, XUV-induced demagnetization is identified to be the major mechanism behind the breakdown. Besides revealing the existence of ultrafast demagnetization in the XUV regime for the first time, our results demonstrate that it proceeds much faster than the demagnetization when using IR radiation.[1] E. A. Seddon et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 80, 115901 (2017), [2] E. Beaurepaire et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4250 (1996), [3] D. Sander et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 363001 (2017), [4] M. Malvestuto, J. Phys. Cond. Mat. 30, 053002 (2018), [5] M. Battiato et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 027203 (2010), [6] B. Pfau et al., Nat. Commun. 3, 1100 (2012), [7] L. Müller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 234801 (2013)

Ultrafast dynamics of spatial magnetic fluctuations in Co/Pt multilayers studied at European XFEL

One of the intriguing problems of modern magnetism is unravelling the non-equilibrium spin dynamics following laser excitation on the nanometer length scale. In this work the ultrafast magnetic behavior of thin Co/Pt multilayers is studied by resonant magnetic SAXS in transmission geometry. We have for the first time observed a very bright transient scattering from nanometer scale magnetic fluctuations

Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL

The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range

Megahertz-rate Ultrafast X-ray Scattering and Holographic Imaging at the European XFEL

13 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary Information as ancillary fileThe advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence, and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, we present the results from the first megahertz repetition rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL. We illustrate the experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at MHz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range