The geology of Las Canadas area, Teneriffe

Imperial Users onl

Accounting For Time in IS Research Design: An Empirical Analysis, 1980-1996

This study investigated how Information Systems researchers accounted for time in the research design of their studies, as an indication of changing trends in the rigor of IS research. The time period of studies was determined from an analysis of papers published in ten outlets between 1980 and 1996. Of 336 papers found, the 173 empirical papers were classified using a scheme derived from a study by Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991). The papers were classified as ‘one-shot’, ‘multiple snapshot’, ‘longitudinal’ or ‘process trace’, where one- shot papers were regarded as being of low rigor. There were indications that the rigor of the research had generally improved between 1980 and 1996. However, more than a third of empirical papers published between 1992 and 1996 did not account for time in their research design

Essays in International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights, and Technology Transfer

In the first study, I investigate how preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with complex chapters covering IPRs affect the composition of members’ aggregate trade flows, focusing on high-technology sectors. Despite the proliferation of PTAs with strong IPRs standards, their effect on such trade has not been studied systematically. The identification framework defines treatment PTAs as those in which one partner is the United States or either the European Union or European Free Trade Association—economies that include the most substantive IPRs provisions in the PTAs that they negotiate. The results are broken down by income groups and trade in specific IP-sensitive sectors. I find that the addition of IPRs chapters with elevated regulatory standards into PTAs has relatively limited total effects on trade, but strongly encourages trade in biopharmaceutical goods. There are additional important but heterogeneous cross-border impacts, suggesting that “behind the border” regulations within PTAs do influence trade.In the second study, I extend the analysis of the first to assess the existence of IPR policy spillover effects on PTA members' trade with partners outside of the PTA. Using a panel of bilateral trade data in a gravity framework, I analyze PTA members' bilateral trade along both the intensive and extensive margins. Countries that enter into IPR-related PTAs with the United States or Europe exhibit a significant restructuring of their patterns of trade relative to otherwise similar countries that do not, in both exports and imports and along both the intensive and extensive margins. The third study unpacks the issues surrounding joint ventures and technology transfer in China. I first explore the selection of Chinese partners that form joint ventures. Second, I find evidence for technology transfer to Chinese joint venture partner firms. Third, I investigate whether joint ventures generate externalities to other Chinese firms, finding that such externalities are positive and large, perhaps twice the size of wholly-owned FDI spillovers. Furthermore, the positive external effect is largest if the foreign firm is from the United States, and this effect is virtually absent in broad sectors that include economic activities for which China's FDI policy has prohibited joint ventures

Externalidades de los desastres naturales extremos sobre la capacidad fiscal

Este artículo estudia el impacto de los eventos climáticos extremos en los ingresos fiscales locales en los municipios colombianos. Seguimos un enfoque de dos pasos para evaluar en qué medida los ingresos fiscales de un municipio dependen de los desastres naturales que ocurren tanto a nivel local como en sus socios comerciales. En el primer paso, estimamos un modelo gravitacional de comercio bilateral y construimos una matriz de flujo comercial que nos permite medir la fuerza de las relaciones económicas entre ciudades. Para hacerlo, creamos una nueva base de datos que describe los flujos comerciales entre ciudades de bienes transportados por carretera en Colombia para el período 2015-2019. En el segundo paso, utilizamos modelos espaciales para estimar las externalidades de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Nuestros resultados revelan que los desastres naturales en las ciudades de destino aumentan los ingresos fiscales en la ciudad de origen. Este documento aporta evidencia de la capacidad del comercio para mitigar los efectos negativos de los desastres naturales.This paper studies the impact of extreme weather events on the local tax revenue across Colombian municipalities. We follow a two-step approach to evaluate to what extent a municipality’s tax revenue depends on natural disasters taking place both locally and in its trade partners. In the first step, we estimate a gravity model of bilateral trade and construct a trade flow matrix allowing us to measure the strength of the economic relationships between cities. To do so, we build a novel dataset describing the inter-city trade flows for road transported goods in Colombia for the period 2015–2019. In the second step, we use spatial models to estimate the externalities of extreme weather events. Our results reveal that natural disasters in the destination cities increase the tax revenue in the origin city. We provide evidence of the capacity of trade to mitigate the negative effects of natural disasters.Enfoque Este artículo investiga el impacto de los desastres naturales extremos sobre el recaudo tributario territorial. Se utiliza un enfoque en el cual se consideran tanto los desastres naturales que ocurren localmente, como aquellos que suceden en otros municipios considerados como socios comerciales. Para ello, se construye una base de datos que refleja el valor del comercio intermunicipal de bienes transportados por carretera para medir las conexiones económicas entre los municipios colombianos. Luego se realizan algunas estimaciones en las que se obtiene el impacto de los desastres naturales extremos sobre el recaudo del impuesto de industria y comercio, considerando desastres naturales que ocurren tanto localmente como en socios comerciales. El método propuesto tiene la ventaja de poder explotar las externalidades que tienen los desastres naturales extremos cuyos impactos económicos van más allá de la ubicación geográfica de sus lugares de ocurrencia. Contribución Este artículo tiene dos contribuciones principalmente. La primera es la construcción de una base de datos de comercio intermunicipal que no ha sido utilizada hasta el momento en Colombia. Utilizamos los datos de transporte de carga intermunicipal y los combinamos con información sobre precios de comercio internacional para obtener una estimación del valor del comercio intermunicipal en Colombia para el período 2015-2019. La segunda contribución tiene que ver con la estimación del impacto de los desastres naturales considerando la existencia de externalidades que se presentan por medio del comercio de bienes. Es de esperarse que desastres naturales extremos afecten las relaciones comerciales entre los municipios de Colombia. Resultados Los resultados muestran que los desastres naturales extremos reducen las exportaciones, pero no afectan las importaciones de los municipios afectados. Como consecuencia, la matriz de intercambio comercial en los municipios colombianos se ve afectada por la ocurrencia de estos fenómenos naturales. De esta forma, se encuentra que los desastres naturales extremos que ocurren localmente no afectan el recaudo tributario por concepto de industria y comercio, pero desastres naturales en municipios socios comerciales aumentan el recaudo local. Los resultados de este documento aportan evidencia de la capacidad que tiene el comercio para mitigar los efectos negativos de los desastres naturale

On the problem of resolving monopoly holdouts without requiring eminent domain

The purpose of this study is to explore practical alternatives for resolving monopoly holdouts, i.e., without requiring eminent domain. Berman v Parker (1954) first set formal precedent by allowing eminent domain to be used for taking strictly non-blighted property. Kelo v City of New London (2005) simply reaffirmed Berman, authorizing the use of eminent domain to overcome seven monopoly holdouts, including that of Ms. Susette Kelo, for a new Pfizer Corporation headquarters, on grounds that creating new jobs and tax revenues constituted “Public Benefits” under the Takings Clause. Heller (1998) argued that using direct government intervention in this manner simply transfers monopoly ownership rights between private individuals, i.e., while leaving scarce public resources persistently underutilized as “anticommons” property… a classic market failure. Following Coase’s landmark research on free riders, this study conducted formal IRB interviews with members of AUREO [Association of University Real Estate Officials] who willingly discussed their direct participation, i.e., during ongoing campus expansion projects at four respective public universities across the US. Chapters 3 and 4 fully document the firsthand narrative accounts provided by these real-world practitioners, who described the host of innovative bargaining mechanisms they routinely employed, i.e., enabling them to successfully resolve monopoly holdouts without requiring eminent domain. As a practical alternative to longstanding policy orthodoxy, this study finds that by systematically negotiating reciprocal, mutually beneficial [Coasean] bargaining agreements with recalcitrant landowners, it is possible to successfully resolve monopoly holdouts without requiring eminent domain. While these results may seem pedestrian to the layperson, their practical implications for the practice of Regional/City Planning are profound. By employing these same innovative bargaining mechanisms, it enables urban planners/designers/administrators to continually seek out local innovators (of all stripes), partner them with youthful entrepreneurs, and create new economic, social, and political synergies, i.e., enabling any local municipality to achieve the same urban growth/redevelopment/revitalization renaissance pioneered in so-called “College Towns”. Keywords: Coase Theorem; Market Externalities: Holdout Problem; Anticommons; Pigouvian Taxation; Takings Clause: Eminent Domain Alternatives; Market Failure Theory; Samuelson Condition; Nash Equilibrium; Sustainability; Land Assembly