2,008 research outputs found
Abundance anomalies in pre-main-sequence stars: Stellar evolution models with mass loss
The effects of atomic diffusion on internal and surface abundances of A and F
pre-main-sequence stars with mass loss are studied in order to determine at
what age the effects materialize, as well as to further understand the
processes at play in HAeBe and young ApBp stars. Self-consistent stellar
evolution models of 1.5 to 2.8Msun with atomic diffusion (including radiative
accelerations) for all species within the OPAL opacity database were computed
and compared to observations of HAeBe stars. Atomic diffusion in the presence
of weak mass loss can explain the observed abundance anomalies of
pre-main-sequence stars, as well as the presence of binary systems with metal
rich primaries and chemically normal secondaries such as V380 Ori and HD72106.
This is in contrast to turbulence models which do not allow for abundance
anomalies to develop on the pre-main-sequence. The age at which anomalies can
appear depends on stellar mass. For A and F stars, the effects of atomic
diffusion can modify both the internal and surface abundances before the onset
of the MS. The appearance of important surface abundance anomalies on the
pre-main-sequence does not require mass loss, though the mass loss rate affects
their amplitude. Observational tests are suggested to decipher the effects of
mass loss from those of turbulent mixing. If abundance anomalies are confirmed
in pre-main-sequence stars they would severely limit the role of turbulence in
these stars.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepeted for publicatio
The Evolution of the Kinematics of Nebular Shells in Planetary Nebulae in the Milky Way Bulge
We study the line widths in the [\ion{O}{3}]5007 and H lines
for two groups of planetary nebulae in the Milky Way bulge based upon
spectroscopy obtained at the Observatorio Astron\'omico Nacional in the Sierra
San Pedro M\'artir (OAN-SPM) using the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph. The
first sample includes objects early in their evolution, having high H
luminosities, but [\ion{O}{3}]. The second
sample comprises objects late in their evolution, with \ion{He}{2} . These planetary nebulae represent evolutionary
phases preceeding and following those of the objects studied by Richer et al.
(2008). Our sample of planetary nebulae with weak [\ion{O}{3}]5007 has
a line width distribution similar to that of the expansion velocities of the
envelopes of AGB stars, and shifted to systematically lower values as compared
to the less evolved objects studied by Richer et al. (2008). The sample with
strong \ion{He}{2} has a line width distribution
indistinguishable from that of the more evolved objects from Richer et al.
(2008), but a distribution in angular size that is systematically larger and so
they are clearly more evolved. These data and those of Richer et al. (2008)
form a homogeneous sample from a single Galactic population of planetary
nebulae, from the earliest evolutionary stages until the cessation of nuclear
burning in the central star. They confirm the long-standing predictions of
hydrodynamical models of planetary nebulae, where the kinematics of the nebular
shell are driven by the evolution of the central star.Comment: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Inductively shunted transmon qubit with tunable transverse and longitudinal coupling
We present the design of an inductively shunted transmon qubit with
flux-tunable coupling to an embedded harmonic mode. This circuit construction
offers the possibility to flux-choose between pure transverse and pure
longitudinal coupling, that is coupling to the or degree
of freedom of the qubit. While transverse coupling is the coupling type that is
most commonly used for superconducting qubits, the inherently different
longitudinal coupling has some remarkable advantages both for readout and for
the scalability of a circuit. Being able to choose between both kinds of
coupling in the same circuit provides the flexibility to use one for coupling
to the next qubit and one for readout, or vice versa. We provide a detailed
analysis of the system's behavior using realistic parameters, along with a
proposal for the physical implementation of a prototype device.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figure
The Masses of Population II White Dwarfs
Globular star clusters are among the first stellar populations to have formed
in the Milky Way, and thus only a small sliver of their initial spectrum of
stellar types are still burning hydrogen on the main-sequence today. Almost all
of the stars born with more mass than 0.8 M_sun have evolved to form the white
dwarf cooling sequence of these systems, and the distribution and properties of
these remnants uniquely holds clues related to the nature of the now evolved
progenitor stars. With ultra-deep HST imaging observations, rich white dwarf
populations of four nearby Milky Way globular clusters have recently been
uncovered, and are found to extend an impressive 5 - 8 magnitudes in the
faint-blue region of the H-R diagram. In this paper, we characterize the
properties of these population II remnants by presenting the first direct mass
measurements of individual white dwarfs near the tip of the cooling sequence in
the nearest of the Milky Way globulars, M4. Based on Gemini/GMOS and Keck/LRIS
multiobject spectroscopic observations, our results indicate that 0.8 M_sun
population II main-sequence stars evolving today form 0.53 +/- 0.01 M_sun white
dwarfs. We discuss the implications of this result as it relates to our
understanding of stellar structure and evolution of population II stars and for
the age of the Galactic halo, as measured with white dwarf cooling theory.Comment: Accepted for Publication in Astrophys. J. on Aug. 05th, 2009. 19
pages including 9 figures and 2 tables (journal format
The white dwarf cooling sequence in the old open cluster NGC 188
We develop the white dwarf luminosity function (LF) of the old open cluster
NGC 188 in order to determine a lower limit to the age of the cluster by using
the faint end of the cooling sequence.
To produce an extensive sequence of the cooling white dwarfs we imaged four
contiguous HST-WFPC2 fields in the center of the cluster in the F555W and F814W
filters. After imposing selection criteria on the detected objects we found a
white dwarf cooling sequence (down to V ~26.5) including 28 candidate white
dwarfs in the cluster. The exposures are not deep enough to reach the end of
this sequence, but the results of our analysis allow us to establish a lower
limit to the age of the cluster independently of the isochrone fit to the
cluster turnoff.
The most ancient white dwarfs found are ~4 Gyr old, an age that is set solely
by the photometric limit of our data. Classical methods provide an estimate of
\~7 Gyr (Sarajedini et al., 1999).Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted on Astronomy and Astrophysic
The kinematics of the most oxygen-poor planetary nebula PN G135.9+55.9
PN G135.9+55.9 is a compact, high excitation nebula that has been identified
recently as the most oxygen-poor halo planetary nebula. Given its very peculiar
characteristics and potential implications in the realms of stellar and
Galactic evolution, additional data are needed to firmly establish its true
nature and evolutionary history. Here we present the first long-slit, high
spectral resolution observations of this object in the lines of H and
He II 4686. The position-velocity data are shown to be compatible with the
interpretation of PN G135.9+55.9 being a halo planetary nebula. In both
emission lines, we find the same two velocity components that characterize the
kinematics as that of an expanding elliptical envelope. The kinematics is
consistent with a prolate ellipsoidal model with axis ratio about 2:1, a
radially decreasing emissivity distribution, a velocity distribution that is
radial, and an expansion velocity of 30 km/s for the bulk of the material. To
fit the observed line profiles, this model requires an asymmetric matter
distribution, with the blue-shifted emission considerably stronger than the
red-shifted emission. We find that the widths of the two velocity components
are substantially wider than those expected due to thermal motions, but
kinematic structure in the projected area covered by the slit appears to be
sufficient to explain the line widths. The present data also rule out the
possible presence of an accretion disk in the system that could have been
responsible for a fraction of the H flux, further supporting the
planetary nebula nature of PN G135.9+55.9.Comment: accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic
An object that defies stereotypes : X-ray observations of SBS 1150+599A - the binary nucleus of PN G135.9+55.9
We present X-ray observations of the close binary nucleus of the planetary nebula (PN) PN G135.9+55.9 obtained with the XMM satellite. The nebula is the most oxygen-poor PN known to date and is located in the Galactic halo. It is known to harbor a close binary nucleus of which only one component can be observed in optical-UV range. New X-ray observations show that the invisible component is a very hot compact star. This finding allows us to reconstruct the immediate past of the object and predict its future. The parameters of the binary components we determine strongly suggest that the precursor was a symbiotic supersoft X-ray source that finished its life by Roche lobe overflow. PN G135.9+55.9 is an excellent candidate for a future type Ia supernova
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